UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA    SAN  DIEGO 


3  1822  03350  9084 


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Helpful  Geographical  Readers 


Long's  Home  Geography $o.i$ 

Payne's  Geographical  Nature  Studies 25 

Shaw's  Big  People  and  Little  People  of 

Other   Lands 30 

Schwartz's  Five  Little    Strangers 40 

Krout's  Alice's  Visit  to  the  Hawaiian 

Islands 45 

Two  Girls  in  China 45 

MacClintock's  The  Philippines 40 

Carpenter's  Geographical   Readers — 

North  America 60 

South    America 60 

Europe 70 

Asia 60 

Australia,    Our    Colonies,    and    Other 

Islands  of  the  Sea 60 

Africa 60 

Van  Bergen's  Story  of  China 60 

Story  of  Japan 65 


AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 

NEW    YORK  CINCINNATI  CHICAGO 


GE1SF.L  LIBRAE  ^^ 

LTHMSSTTY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  SAR  DIEGO 
LA  JOLLA.  CALIFORNIA 


UNjVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA    SAN  DIEGO 


I      3  1822  03350  9084 


ELEMENTARY 


GEOGRAPHY 


BY 


H.    JUSTIN    RODDY,    M.S. 

DEPARTMENT    OF     GEOGRAPHY,     FIRST    PENNSYLVANIA     STATE    NORMAL    SCHOOL 


NEW    YORK  •:•  CINCINNATI  ■:■  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN     BOOK     COMPANY 


PREFACE 


Every  text-book  should  be  designed,  first,  to  de- 
velop the  child's  mental  power  and  grasp  ;  second, 
to  furnish  his  mind  with  knowledge ;  and  third, 
to  arouse  and  stimulate  an  interest  in  the  subject 
of  study.  In  an  elementary  book  in  geography, 
however,  the  chief  object  is  to  furnish  such  neces- 
sary fundamental  conceptions  as  are  absolutely 
essential  to  the  child's  mental  life  and  growth. 
These  concepts  must  be  presented  with  no  more 
detail  than  is  necessary  to  keep  the  child's  interest 
alive,  and  then  be  reenforced  by  constant  and  varied 
reviews.  At  the  same  time  the  facts  of  observation 
gained  by  the  child  in  his  everyday  out-of-door  life 
should  be  used,  correlated,  and  systematized.  In 
this  way  the  child  will  be  led  to  gain  geographical 
knowledge  both  from  the  text-book  and  from 
nature. 

In  this  book  the  endeavor  has  been  to  make  easy 
the  attainment  of  all  these  aims ;  and  in  order  to 
adapt  it  for  the  widest  range  of  practical  usefulness, 
it  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  conditions  existing 
in  the  average  schools  of  this  country. 

No  doubt  the  ideal  text-book  should  present  the 
subject  of  geography  from  the  physiographic  side  ; 
but  experience  has  demonstrated  that  in  a  first  book 
in  geography  it  is  not  wise  to  include  much  geology 


or  physiography  as  such.  In  this  book,  there- 
fore, the  physiographic  element,  while  never  neg- 
lected, is  not  made  too  prominent.  Discussions  of 
erosion,  stream  features,  coast  features,  land  forms, 
soil,  etc.,  are  presented  in  such  simple  and  clear 
language  as  can  be  easily  understood  by  children 
and  illustrated  by  the  teacher  with  pictures,  models, 
and  drawings. 

In  the  text  of  this  new  geography  the  aim  has 
been  to  present  the  essentials  of  the  subject  with 
as  little  detail  as  possible,  to  make  each  sentence 
clear  and  concise,  and  to  frame  the  language  to 
suit  the  capacity  of  the  ordinary  child. 

The  pictures  illustrate  the  text,  and  are  designed 
both  to  interest  and  to  instruct  the  pupils  and  also 
to  suggest  supplementary  subjects  of  study.  Often 
an  entire  lesson  may  be  given  on  a  picture  supple- 
mented by  pictures  and  objects  which  every  live 
teacher  has  collected  as  aids  in  teaching. 

The  maps  of  coordinate  divisions  of  the  land  are 
drawn  on  the  same  scale  and  thus  enable  pupils  to 
compare  accurately  the  relative  size  of  countries. 
The  questions  on  the  maps  have  been  carefully 
prepared,  so  that  power  in  map  reading  and  map 
interpretation  may  be  gained  commensurate  with 
the  capacity  of  the  children  using  the  book. 


CONTENTS 


PACI 

Introduction 5 

North  America 26 

.32 

Do  1    inada  I  Danish  America         .        .      69 

Mexii  ind  the  Wesl  Indies  .       72 

SOI   111    A  Mil;  l<  A 76 


EUKASIA 84 

Europe 87 

Asia 103 

Africa 1  if. 

Australia  and  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific    .        .  123 

I   VBLES 127 


right,  1902,  by  Ami  i  i<  \  ■  B 1  ompanv.     Entered  .11  Stal  ioners'  Hall,  London, 

1  .  I',    u 


INDEX    AND    PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY 

KEY.  —  Vowels:  a  in  late,  a  in  fat,  a  in  care,  a  in  far,  a  in  last,  a  in  fall,  a  in  was,  a  m  final,  au  in  author  e  me 
c  in  met,  bgrry,  e  in  veil,  e  in  term,  e  in  novel  ;  i  in  fine,  I  in  tin.  1  in  police,  i  in  basin  ;  6  in  note,  6  in  not,  6  in  son,  0  in  for 
o  in  do ;  u  in  tune,  0  in  nut,  u  in  rude  ( =  o),  u  in  full,  ua  =  iva,  ue  =  we  ;  y  in  my,  y  in  hymn  Consonants:  I  cent, 
machine,  <:  in  tau;  g  in  gem,  g  in  get ;  n  =  ng,  >"  =  ng  but  is  silent ;  §  =  z  ;  fh  in  thine  ;  5  =  gz.      Italic  b  U'  is  an  sth  «'. 


All  ysstn'I  a,  121 

A  ca  pul'co,  74 
A  con  ca'gua,  Mt.,  76 
A'den,  108 
Ad  i  ron'dack,  45 
Ad  ri  at'io  Sea,  87 
M  ge'an  (e-)  Sea,  87 
Afghan  is  tan',  109 
Africa,  110-122 
A  gul'has  (-yas),  117 
Al  a  bii'ma,  58 
A  las'ka,  08,  69 
Al'bany  (al'-),  49 
Al'be  marie  Sd.,  54 
Al  bu  quer'que 

(-kar'ka),  63 
Al  ex  an'dri  a,  120 
Al  gg'ri  a,  120 
Al  gt'ers/,  120 
Al'teg/teny,  28,  45, 

49" 
Alps,  88 
Altai'  Mts.,  103 
Al  ta  ma  ha'  (al-),  54 
Am'a  zon,  78 
Am'ster  dam,  94 
A  mn',  107 
A  mnr',  104,  107 
A  nam',  114 
An'des,  77 
An  dros  cog'(/in,  41 
An  go'la,  117 
An  nap'o  lis,  48 
An  tarc'tic,  11,  18 
Ant'werp,  97 
Ap  a  lach'ee  B.,  54 
A  palach  i  co'la,  56 
Ap'en  nineg,  88 
Ap  pa  la'chi  an,     28, 

35,  55 
A  ra'bi  a,  108 
Ar'abs,  108.  119,12] 
A  ra  fu'rii  Sea,  123 
Ar'al,  85,  104 
Arc'tie.  11,  18 
Arequi'pa  (-kg'-), 83 
Argen  ti'na,  81,  82 
Ar  i  Zo'na,  64 
Ar'kan  sas,  59 
Ar  ine'iii  ang,  108 
A  shan't!,  117 
Ashe'viUe,  58 
Asia(a'shia),84,  102 
A  sun  ci  on',  82 
Ath  a  bas'ca  L.,  27 
Ath'ens,  99 
At  lan'ta,  58 
Atlan'tic,  11,  29 
Auck'land,  126 
Au  giis'ta,  Ga.,  58 
Aus'tin.  59 
Aus  tra'l!  a,  123-125 
Aus'tri  a-Hun'ga  rv, 

95 
ax'is,  18 

Bab  el  Man'de.b,  116 
Baha'maj,  74,  75 
BaAi'a,  XI 
Bai'kiil.  104 
Baku',  108 
Bal  e  ar'ic  Is.,  87 


Biil  kan',  100,  101 
Bal  kash',  85,  104 
Bal'tic  Sea,  87 
Bal'ti  more,  49 
Ba  hi  clils  tan',  109 
Bine'a,  114 
Bang  kok',  114 
Ban'gor,  43 
Bar'bary,  121 
Bar  ee  lo'na,  98 
bar'ri  er  beach,  17 
ba'sin,  15 
Ba  ta'vla,  115 
Bat'on  Rouge  (rozh), 

54 
bay,  11 

Bed'ou  in§,  108 
Bel  fast',  92 
Bel'gium,  97,  121 
Bengal',  B.,  103 
Be'ringStr.,  84 
Berlin,  93 
Bern,  90 
Bhu  tan',  103 
Birmingham,  58 
Bis'oav,  B.,  87 
Blan'eo,  C,  32 
Boers,  122 
B5  go  ta',  83 
Boi'se,  63 
Bokh  a'ra,  107 
Bo  liv'i  a,  82,  77 
Bom  bay',  114 
Bordeaux'  (-do'),  97 
Bor'ne  0,  114 
Bos'pho  rus,  87 
Bos'ton.  43 
Both'nia,  G.,  87 
Bra/t  ma  pii'tra,  104 
branch, 15 
Brazil',  81,  80,  77 
Bra'zos  R.,  54 
Bres'lau  (-lou),  93 
Bridge'port,  44 
Brit'ish,  91,  92,  113, 

122,  125,  126 
Brus'selj,  97 
Bu'da  pest,  95 
Bue'nos  _4T'res,  82 
But 'fa  lo,  48 
Bulga'ria,  100,  101 
Bur'lington,  Vt.,  43 
Bur'ma,  114 
Butte,  63 
-Cai'ro,  120 
Cal  cut'ta,  113 
Cal  i  f6r'ni  a,  67 
Cal  la'o,  83 
Cam-bo'di  a.  114 
Cani'brldge,  43 
Cam'den,  49 
Can'ada,  69-71 
Cana'dl  an  R.,  54 
Canav'erai,  C,  32 
Can'cer,  18 
Can  ta'bri  an,  87 
Canton'.  110 
can'yon,  8 
cape,  11 

Cape  Col'ony,  122 
Cape  Town,  122 


cap'ital,  38,25 
( lap'ri  corn,  18 
( 'a  ra'cas,  s:; 
Car  ib  be'an,  27 
Car  pa'thi  an,  88 
Car  pen  tii'ii  a,  124 
Cascade'  Mts.,  65 
Cas'pl  an,  84,  85,  104 
Cats'kills,  45 
Cat'te  gat,  87 
Caucasians  (-shanz), 

23,  85,  89,  101;,  1 1:1 
Cau'casus,  si,  88 
Cayenne',  77 
Qei'ebeg,  114 
Central     A  me-r'I  ca, 

72,  74 
Ce  venues',  88 
Qeylon',  113 
chain,  8 
Cham  plain',  42 
chan'nel,  1 1 
Charles/ton,  58 
Char'loUe,  58 
Chat  ta  hoo'chee,  56 
Chat  ta  noo'ga,  59 
Ches'a  peake,  33,  49 
Chey  enne',  63 
Chi  ca'go  (she-),  51 
Chi'le,  82 
Ch'i'na,  109,  111) 
Chinese',    109,     110, 

31,  114 
Chip'pe  wa  R.,  50 
■Chris  ti  a'ni  a,  95 
Ci  mar  ion'  R.,  54 
Cin  gin  na'ti,  50 
Cleveland,  50 
cli'mate.  14 
coast  line.  1 1 
Co  %ne',  93 
Co  lom'bi  a,  83 
Colora'do,63;  R.,37 
Colorado  Springs,  63 
Co  lum'bi  a,  58 ~;    R.. 

36;  Dist,,  49 
Co  lum'bus,  50 
Cone'oiil,  41 
Con  neci'i  cut,  44 
Con  stan  ti  no'ple,  101 
con'ti  nent,  10 
Co  pen  ha'gen,  95 
cor'al,  11,  74,  126 
Cor'do  va,  82 
CSr'sI  ca,  98 
cra'ter,  9 
Crete,  87 
ere  vAsse',  56 
Cii'ba,  74.  75 
Cum'berland,  50,  54 
Cuzco  (cus'co),  83 
Cy'prus,  103 
Da  ho'mej/,  117 
Dal'Jas,  59 
Da  mas'cus,  108 
Dan'ubr,  89.  95 
Dardanelles',  87 
Dav'en  port,  52 
Day 'ton,  50 
Dek'kan,  112 
|D81ago'aB.,  117 


D61'a  ware,  19;  B.,38 

del'ta,  17 
Den'mark,  95 
Den'ver,  63 
de  pres'sion,  10 
lv.v ghuti s'  R.,  65 
deg'ert,  7 
\hs  Moines',  62 
de'tri'tus,  16 
De  troit',  51 
dike,  93 
di  vide',  8 
Dn/e'per  R.,  88 
.Dm'es'ter  R.,  87 
Dom'tOE.,  87 
Do'ver,  48 
Dub'lin,  92 
Dubuque'(-buk'),52 
Duluth'.  .Vj 
Dutch,  93,  94,  122 
Dwi'na  R.,  87 
earth,  10,  18 
earth'quake,  9 
east,  5 

East  In'dieg,  114 
E'bro  R.,  87 
Ec  ua  dor',  83 
Ed'in  burgh  (-bur  ro), 

92 
E'gypt,  120 
Elbe,  89 

El  burz'  Mts.,  103 
el  e  va'tion,  10 
em'pire,  25 
England  (ing'gland), 

91,  92 
English,  38,  122,  125 
e  qua'tor,  18 
E'rie,  30,  48 
ero'sion  (-zhiin),  17 
Es'kT  mo§,  31,  69-71 
F.t'na,  98 

£Tiphra'tes,  104,  108 
A'u  ra'sia  (-shi  a),  84 
£Ti'r6pe,  84-101 
Ev'ans  viUe.  50 
F.v'ciest,  104 
Ev'erglade§,  57 
Fall  River,  43 
Far'go,  53 
Fez,  120 
Fi'j'i  Is.,  126 
fiord  (fy6rd),  11,  88 
firth,  11,  91 
flood  plain,  29 
Flor'i  da,  58 
Fflrmo'sa,  103 
Fort  Waj/ne,  50 
France,  96,  '.17 
Fre  mont'  Peak,  61 
French,  '.t7,  70 
( ril'ves  ton,  59 
Gan'gSg,  104 
gap,  8 

Ga  rOnne'  R.,  87 
Ge  ne'va.  96 
Gi  ftr'gl  a,  58 
1  in-  nian'ic,  90 
Ger'ina  ny.  92,  93 
gi  y'sSr,  15 
Gibral'tar,  Str.,  87 


Gila  (hS'la)  l;„  61 

(ii  rfiNde'(zhe-)i;..s7 
gla'cii  1  1     hei   ,68,88 

1  1  l.i    'gO«>,  i<J 

Go'b'i,  85 

goi   e,  s 

Gov'ern  ment,  24,  25 
grand  di  rt'sion,   lo 
Grand  Rap'idg,  51 
1  ireal  Ba'sin,  37 
Greal  r.iif'ani,  91.  92 
Greal  Falls,  68 
Great  Lakes,  30,  36 
(iirat  Plains,  35 
Greal  Salt  Lake,  37 

Greenland,  71.  27 

ground  water,  II 
Guadalquii  vir'(-ke-) 

R.,  87 
Gt(a  da  lupe'  Mts.,  54 
Gua  di  a'na  R.,  87 
Guam,  69,  120 
Guardafui'.C,  117 
Guayaquil'    (-kel1), 
_83 

GmI  a'na,  83,  80,  77 
Gttln'eo,  G.,  110 
gulf,  11 
Guth'n'e,  59 
Hague,  94 
Ila/'li.  74,  75 
Hal'ifax,  71 
Ham'burg,  93 
har'bor,  1 1 
Har'ris  burg,  48 
Hart 'for.  I.  II 
HSt'teras,  C,  3:: 

Ha  van'a,  75 

11a  \\.(i'i.  Ha  wai'ian 

(-yan  1.  D9.  126 
head'land,  11 
height  of  land.  l".i 
Hei'cna,  61 
Hel'mund  R.,  103 
helli'i  sphel'.  .    10 
Him  a'la  yas,  104 
Hin'duKusfi,  lo:', 
Hin'diLS.  112,  113 
Eoan'g',  101 
Hol'land.  93 
Honohi'lu,  126 
ho  ri'zon,  10 
Hous'ton,  59 
Hiid'son,  27,  36 
Hum'boMt  R.,  61 
Hun'ga  ry,  95 
I  In 'ion,  30 
ige'ber;;.  68 
Ice'land.  71.  27 
I'daho,  ti3 
I'll.  107 

Illinois',  50,  51 
In'dia.  112,  113 
In'dian  O.,  11 
In  di  an'a,  50 
In  di  an  ap'o  lis.  50 
In'di  ans.  -j:'.,  31,  -".9. 

i*K    TO.    73,  74,  SO, 

83 
In'dd-Clii'na,  114 


In'dus,  104 

il.'let.    15 

interior  drainat' . 

IT.  wa.  52 

Iquique  (Gke'k;.     - 

1  ran',  85 

I  ra  wa'di.  Ml 

Ire'land,  91,  92 
Irkutsk',  107 
Island,  10,  11 
[st/t'mus,  11 

I  tal'ians  (-van- 1,  99 
[t'aly,  98,  99 
1  tas'ca  1..,  51 
.lack'-. .11  villi .  58 
.la  niai'ea.  74,  75 

Ja  pan',  111.  112 
Jap  a  nese',  111,  85 
Ja'va,  114 
.IPr'sey  City,  49 
.1.  rQ'sa  lem,  108 
Johannesburg  1  y6-  . 

122 
.in  an'(hu-)  de  Fu'ca, 

04 
jun'gle,  105 
Ka'bul,  109 
Kad  iak'(-yak')  I.,  68 
Kalaha'ri.  122 
Kan.  chat'ka,  103 
Ka  me  run',  1 17 
Ka  na'w/ia  R..  48 
Kan'.-as.  62,  53 
Kan'sas  Citj  .  52,  53 
Kas  kSs'kl  a  R 
K:j  taA'din,  42 
Ke'm  a,  117 
Ken  ne  b6c'  R.,  41 
Ken  tuck'y,  51 
K.  \  West,  58 
Khel  at',  103 
Khfngftan'  Mts..  103 
Kh'i'vS,  107 
Kil  i  man  ja'  ro',  117 
Kim'berley,  122 

in.  25 
Kio'len  (ky5'-),  84 
Kia'mafii  R  .  65 
SnSz'TiUi .  59 
Kon'go,  lis 
Kongo  State,  121 
KO  1.  'a.  1 11 
Kuen  lun'.  104 
Ku'ril  Is.,  103 
Lab  rador'.  71 
I.ad'oga,  89 
la  goon',  17 

lake.   15 

land,  10 

La"  Paz'  (path'),  82 

Lap'land  era,  91.  UK) 

Las'sa,  L10 

Lat'in  countries.  90 

Lauren'tian(-shi  an  . 

29 

la'va,  9 
Lead'vilte,  63 
Le'na,  104,  107 

lev'ee,  55 

l.ew'is  ton,  4:'> 
Li  bg'ri  a.  122 


INDEX   AND    PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY 


Li'ma,  83 
Line'oZn,  53 
Lis' bon,  98 
Little  Rock,  59 
I.iv'er  p     1.  92 
lia'nSs,  78,  79 
Lofo'den,  94 
Loire  (fwar),  89 
Lon'di 
Los  An 'gel  es  (-I16I-), 

67 
Lpa  i  51  a'na,  59 
Lqm'is  vilZe,  51 
1;..  ■■- 

I, .".,,-', •!].  43 

Lu  ray',  49 

Lynn;  43 

Ly'ong,  97 

Macken'zie,  69-70 

Mackl  nac,  Str.,  50 

Mc  Kin'ley,  Mt.,  68 

Ma'con,  58 

Mad  a  gas'car,  122 

MadeVra  R.,  77 

Madras',  114 

Madrid',  98 

Ma  g&VJan,  Str.,  76 

Maine,  43,  42 

Malac'ca,  114 

Ma  lays',  85, 106,114, 

115,  122,  120 
Man'ches  ter,  43,  92 
Man  chu'ri  a,  110 
Mani'Ia,  115 
Ma'o  ris,  120 
map,  0.  7,  10,  25 
Ma  ra'  eai'bO,  L.,  76 
Mar'mo  ra,  Sea,  87 
Marseilles',  97 
marsh,  7 
Ma'ryland(m8r'-),49 

Maskat'.   109 

Mas  sa  ehQ'setts,  43 
Man  mee'  R.,  50 
Mau'na  mou'-)LO'a, 

120 
Mec'ra,  108 

Mi  .i  i  ii  i,i  in'  an,  87 

Mr  kong',  nil 
Mi  I'bourm  .  126 
Mi  m'phi ■-  59 
Mendoci'nd,  ''..  32 
Me,  i  R.,  50 

Me  ri 

mc  rid'i  an.  25 
M' i ' n  mac,  12 
,l 
.  51 

MTUi   L3c»',  51 
Mil  wau'kee,  51 

.  62 

MIn  ne   "  i  '.  -.2 
1  ■        .- ■  ;  R., 

29,  3  I,  5  i,   16 

\li  R.,  62 

Mil  li'eU,  Ml 

Mob  ■ 

Mn  ham'im  -I  an  ,91. 
109,  113,  119 

Mo'hawk  I.'..  18 

14,  26 

\1 Vll  .in  -..  22,2:1, 

81,86     1 

\1..m  1,,'.  1  a,  117 

mon  B l',   106 

\|..-  (  1:1  .    1     96 
M.'.n  .V.        3      68 


Mon  te  ne'gro,     100, 

101 
Mon  te  vi  de'o,  82 
Mont gom'ery,  58 
Mont  pe'li  er,  41 
Mont  re  al',  71 
Moose'head  L.,  41 
Mo  roc'co,  120 
Mos'eow,  100 
moun'tain,  8.  9,  19 
mouth,  15 
Mo  zam  bique'(-bek') 

Channel,  110 
Mu'nlen,  93 
Miir'ray,  124 
Mus  ke'gon  1!..  50 
Nan  tuck'et,  41 
Xa'ples,  99 
Xash'ii  a,  43 
Nash'vifZe,  59 
Ne  bras'ka,  53 
\i  grl'tog,  115 
ne'groes,  22,  31,  57, 

75,  80,  119,  121,122 
Nel'son,  29,  69-70 
Xe  o'sho  R. ,  52 
Xe  pal',  103 
Nlfih'er  lands,  93 
X.  u-<    R.,  54 
Xe  va'da,  64 
New  ( 'al  cdo'nia,  123 
New  Eng'Iand,  4H-44 
New  Gtdn'ea,   120 
NTew  rlamp'shire,  43 
New  Ha'ven,  44 
New  Heb'rides,  12:! 
New  JSr'seJ,  49 
New  Mex'i  co,  63 
New  <  It'll.-  ans.  59 
New    South  ''Wales, 

125 
New  York,  48 
New  Zeo'la\d,  126 
New'ark,  49 
New'found  land,  71 
Ni  Sg'a  ra,  40 
Nicaragua,  L.,  72 
Nl'ger,  lis 
Xi  gg'rla,  117 
\il.    lis,  120 
Xi  r,  bra'ra  R.,  52 
Nlzh'ni     Novgo'rod, 

100 
Nor'foZk,  50 
north.    .   6 
North  A  nai'Ica,  26 
North  Car  o  li'na,  58 
North  Da  ko'ta   53 

ay,  94,  95 
N0'va8«0'tia(-8hla), 

70 

.  i 
■    a  '  a    iiS-),  118 

n.i,07 
8'4  sis.  7 
0b,  lol,  I'i7 

o'cean,  11 

1 1.  mtll'gee  R.,  64 

'in  i    i:.,  64 

O'der  R.,  H7 

,.    1'HI 

Og'dfin,  01 
n  In'...  60 
Okei  bo'bee,  66 
Okhotsk',  Si  i    108 

i.  59 
1 1 1 v  n i '  i .  i      66 

( I'nia  I, 


Oman',  109 

( )  ne'ga,  89 

On  ta'ri  o,  30 

0  por'to,  98 

Or'e  g6n,  67 

O  ri  no'co,  78 

0  sage'  R.,  52 

i  U'ta  wa,  71 

Ouachita  (wosh'I  ta) 

R.,  54 
out'let,  15 

0  zark',  46 
Pa  cif'ic,  1 1 
Pamir',  103 
Pam'li  co  Sd.,  54 
pam'pas.,  79,  80 
Tan  a  uiii',  74 
Para.^81 

Pa  ra  guay',  82 
par'al  lei,  25 
Par  a  mar'i  bo,  77 
Pa  ra  na',  79 
l'ar' is,  97 
park,  34 
pass,  8 

Pat'er  son,  49 
peak,  8,  9 
1'e'cds  R.,  01 
Pe  dee'  R.,  32 
Peking',  110 
pen  in'su  la,  11 
Penn  svl  va'ni  a,  49 
Penob'seot  R.,  41 
Pen  sa  co'la,  58 
Pe  6'ri  a,  51 
Perdi'do  R„  54 
Per  nam  bu'co,  81 
PSr'sia  (-silt  a),  109 
Pe  ru',  82,  83 
Petcho'rii  R.,  87 
Phil  a  del'phi  a,  49 
Phil'Ipfpines.,  09,  115 
Pierre,  52 
Pln'dus,  88 
Pitts'burg,  49 
plain,  7 
Pla'ta,  79 
pla  teau'  (-to'),  7 
Platte  R.,  62 
point,  11 
pole,  18 

1  Ynii  char  train',  56 
l'..n  Said',  120 
POrt'land,  43,  07 
POr'tO  Ri'cO,  09,  71 
Por'tQ  gal,  98 
I'ur'in  gaese,  98,  80 

PC  In'inar,    I  1 

Prague,  95 
prai'rle,  7,  36 
I'rt  in  Inf.  69 
prin  ci  pal'i  ty,  25 
prdm'on  to  ry,  1 1 
Prov'i  dence,  1 1 
I'rus'sia  (prush'a),  93 
Pu6b'l6,  8  : 
rn'  1 1  Nil..  84,  05 
l'\rV  mi's,  88 
Que,  b§c',  71 
Queensland,  126 
Quln'i  j  i  zl  i,  51 
mi.i'i..  (ke'-),  88 
race,  22 
rain,  1 1 

I.'.i.'ii/it,   Ml.,  01 

Raleigh  (-la),  68 
range,  8 
Rfiod'in      19 


Re'no,  64 
re  pub'lic,  25 
RAine,  89 

Rftdde  ls'land,43, 44 
Rndde'sji  a,  117 
RAone,  89 
Rich'mond,  50 
Ri'o   de    Janeiro 

(zha-),  81 
Ri'o  ( Iran'de,  56 
Ri'o  Ne'grO,  77 
Riu'  Km  Is.,  103 
riv'er,  15 
R6  a  noke'  R.,  54 
Roch'ester,  48 
ruck  waste,  16 
Rocky  Mts.,  28,  34 
Rome,  99 
Rosa'rio,  82 
Hoi«  ma'ni  a,  100,  101 
Russia  (rusb'a),  100 

106,  107 
Rut'lrfnd,  43 
Sa  bine'  R.,  54 
Sac  ra  mSn'to,  67 
Sag'I  naw,  51 
Sa  ha'ra,  121 
Sal  gon,  103 
St.  An'tfto  ny,  52 
St.  Clair,  L.,  50 
St.  Crote  R.,  41,  50 
St.  E  li'as,  Mt..  68 
St.  Jo'seph,  52 
St.  Law'rence,  30,  71 
St.  Loii'is,  52 
St.  Paul,  52 
St.  Pe'ter§burg,  100 
Sakhalin'',  103 
Sa'lem,  05 
Salt'Lake  City,  04 
Sal  wen',  104 " 
Samp/ii  Is.,  126 
San  An  to'ni  5,  69 
San  BSrnardi'nO,  65 
San  Fran  cis'cO,  67 
San  Joaquin    (hoa- 

kon').  65 
San'ia  Bar'bara,  64 
San'ta  Fi'\  63 
San  Ire'  R.,  54 
San  lia.'go,  82 
Sao     (soun)      Fran- 

5'is'co,  79 
Sao      Paulo      (soun 

puu'lo),  81 
Sardln'Ia,  98 
Sas  kitch'g  wan.  29 
SouKi  "; 
Sa  van'«a/i,  58 

ale,  6 

Scan  di  na'vi  an,  94 

s,i  5'to  R.,  50 

S«5t'l I,  91,  92 

Seran'ton,  49 
ea,  in,  11 
Seat'tle,  67 
BectionsofU.S.,88-67. 
Sefnc,  89 
Sin  e  gftl',  1 17 
Si  ..»!',  103 
SSr'vIa,  I'm,  mi 
Se  w.i'.  I,.,  68 

Shaimhii'I,  119 

Sheffield,  92 

SheJ  <n»< '  R.,  52 

81  .mi',  114 
Si  lii'rla,  107 
SK;'l  ly,  98 


SI  er'ra,  8 

Si  6r'ra  Le  o'ne,  122 
SI  er'ra  Ma'dre,  28 
Si  Sr'ra  Ne  va'da,  28, 

34,  05,  66 
sil'vag,  7,  78,  79 
Sin  ga  pore',  114 
Sioux  City,  52 
Sioux  Falls,  53 
Sit'ka,  09 
Skagerrack,  87 
Sla  von'ic,  90 
slope,  7 

Smyr'na(smSr'-),  108 
soil,  10 
sound,  11,  17 
source,  15 
Soii'rls  R.,  52 
Snuth  A  mer'ica,  76 
South  Car  o  li'na,  58 
South  Da  ko'ta,  53 
Spain,  98 
Span'ish,  98,   73-75, 

80 
Spo  kane',  67 
spring,  14,  15 
Spring'field,  111.,  61 
Sta  no  voi'  Mts.,  103 
Btgppe,  7,  89,  105 
Stock'holm,  95 
strait,  11 
Straits    Settlements, 

114 
Su'cre,  82 
Sudan',  118,  121 
Suez',  120 
Su  ma'tra,  114 
Su  pc'ri  or  (-er),  51 
Sus  que  han'na  R.,  44 
Su  wa'nee  R.,  54 
swamp,  7 
Swfi'den,  94,  95 
Swit'zer  laud,  96 
Syd'ney,  125 
Syr,  107 
Sj  i  'a  cfise,  49 
system,  8,  15 
ta'ble-land,  7 
Ta  briz',  109 
TS  co'ina,  07 
Ta'gus  R.,  87 
'I'a  Ik'k ■'.  L.,  65 
TfiUahas'see,  54 
Tam'pa,  5s 
Ta'  na'na  n  v6',  122 
Tan  gan  yi'liii,,  1  IS 
Ta  pa'j6s(-zh5s),  77 
Tiirim'  R.,  103 
Tftsh  kind',  107 
las  nia'ui  a,  125,  120 
Tchad,  118 

IV  luiau',  109 

I.  ii  ir  if,'.  117 
Ten  lies  sec',  59 
Tcx'as,  59 

Thames  ftSmz),  92 

47,1  an'  Shan,    I'M 
I  l  bSt',    110,    108 

Ti  er'ra  del  Fue'g6,76 

Til  lis',  los 
'I'i'gris.   |o  I,   ins 

Tim  iii'ik'tu,  121 

Ti  in. ., '.  123 

Tit.  i  ca'ca,  79 
TO  eaii  tins'  R. ,  77 
To'gnland,  117 
To'kvo,  112 
To  le'do,  60 


Tombig'bee  R.,  54 
Tomsk,  107 
To  pe'ka,  53 
Tor'res  Str.,  123 
Trans  cau  ca'sia 

(-shia),  107,  108 
Trans  vaol',  117 
trend,  8 
Tren'ton,  49 
tril.'u  ta  ry,  15 
Tri'est, '.  96 
Trip'oll,  120,  121 
trop'ic,  18 
TQc  son',  64 
Tu  la're  L.,  65 
tun'dra,  7 
Tu'nis,  120 
Turkestan',  107 
Tur'key,  100, 101,91, 

108,  120 
Tutui'la,  69,  126 
Uin'ta  Mts.,  61 
United  States,  31-69 
U'ral,  84,  100 
U  ru  guay',  82 
U'taA,  63,  64 
Valen'cia      (-shia), 

83,  98 
val'ley,  8,  16,  17 
Xa\  pit  rm'so,  82 
Van  coti'ver  I.,  27 
veldt,  122 
Ven  e  zue'la,  83 
Ven'Ice,  99 
Ve'ra  Cruz  (crus),  74 
Verde,  C,  117 
Ver  inont',  43 
V6  su'vi  us,  98 
Vicks'burg,  68 
Vic  to'rl  a,  125;  (city), 

71  ;  L.,  118 
Vi  en'«a,  95 
Vir  gln'i  a,  49,  50 
Vis'tO  la,  89 
vol  ca'uo,  8,  9 
V61'ga,  88 
Wa'bash  R.,  60 
Wake  I.,  09,  126 
Wales,  91 
Wa'satch  Mts.,  68 
Wash'ing  ton,      07 ; 

(city),' 49  ;  Mt.,41 
water  gap,  35 
Wel'lington,  126 
West  lu'dies,  72,  74, 

75,  27 
West  Virginia,  50 
Win.  I'ing,  50 
Wil  /a'mcl/,,  66 

Wil'ming  ton,  49,  68 

winds,  14 
WiiiVipcg,  29,  70 
Wis con'sin,  51 
Wprces'ter,  43 
\\  \  O'ming,  68 
Xin  gu'(shen-)  1!.,  77 
yablOnoi'  Mis.,  103 
\  ang'tzB,  mi 

yfiZOO1   R.,  51 

Vi'l'ZOw  stOne  U..  62 
Yen  i  se'i.  mi,  107 

Yokolia'.n.'i,   112 
Yu  ra  Ian',  73 
Yu'koo,  80,  08 
Zam  br'/.l,  I  IS 
/.aii'/.i  bar.  117 
zones,  18-21 
Zu'rii-h,  96 


ELEMENTARY   GEOGRAPHY 


Geography. —  In  this  book  we  are  to  learn 
about  the  earth  on  which  we  live.  We  shall 
learn  about  the  shape,  size,  and  motions  of  the  earth  ; 
about  the  bodies  of  land  and  water  which  compose  its  surface;  about  the  different  coun- 
tries into  which  the  land  is  divided  ;  about  the  plants,  animals,  and  people  that  live  in 
each  country  ;  and  about  the  manner  in  which  these  people  live,  what  they  do,  and  how 
they  travel  from  place  to  place.     We  call  this  study  Geography. 


I.  DIRECTION  AND  DISTANCE 
Direction.  —  In  geography  it  is  important 
to  learn  how  to  express  the  direction  and 
distance  of  places  from  our  home  and  from 
one  another,  in  order  that  we  may  know 
where   these  places  are. 

Names.  —  The  direction    toward   sunrise  is 


called  East.  The  direction  toward  sunset  is 
called  West.  If  you  stand  with  your  right 
side  toward  the  east,  and  your  left  side  toward 
the  west,  the  direction  before  you  is  Norths 
and  the  direction  behind  you  is  South. 

Northeast  is   the   direction    between    north 
and    east ;    Southeast   is    between    south    and 


INTRODUCTION 


east ;  Southwest 
is  between  south 
and  west  ;  and 
Arorthzuest  is  be- 
tween north  and 
west. 

North  Star.  — 
the  pointers.  Travelers     often 

find  these  directions  from  the  North  Star, 
which  is  always  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
sky.  You  can  find  the  North  Star  any  clear 
night  by  means  of  two  other  stars  called  the 
"  Pointers." 

The  Compass.  —  Direction  may  also  be  found 
by  the  compass,  which  consists  of  a  magnet- 
ized needle  balanced  on  a 
pivot  so  that  it  can  swing 
freely.  Whichever  way  the 
needle  is  turned,  it  swings 
back  and  settles  to  rest  in  a 
nearly  north  and  south  di- 
rection. 

Distance.  —  The  distance  across  the  school- 
room we  may  measure  in  feet;  the  length  of 
the  desk  we  may  measure  in  inches;  we  may 
measure  the  school  grounds  in  yards;  and 
the  field  in  rods.  But  when  we  travel  from 
place  to  place  on  the  earth,  we  reckon  dis- 
tance in  miles.  Thus  we  say  it  is  ninety  miles 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York. 

I  low  long  is  a  mile  ?  I  lave  you  ever  walked 
a  mile  or  ridden  twenty  miles?  What  is  the 
greatest  distance  you  have  traveled  from  home  ? 
In  what  direction  was  it? 

II.    THE    MAKING    OF    MAPS  AND    PLANS 

Maps. — A   Map  is  a  kind   of  picture  that 
represents  tin-  position  of  places  and  the  dis- 
tance   between    them.      Maps    show   us    the 
lion,   or   location,  of  towns   and   cities;    of 
intains,  rivers,  and  lakes;  of  the  countries 


Mariner's  Comtass. 


and  seas ;  and  of  many  other  features  of  the 
earth's  surface. 

Maps  representing  a  small  surface  are  often 
called  Plans. 

Scale.  —  Of  course  you  all  know  what  a  pic- 
ture is.  You  know  that  pictures  are  seldom 
as  large  as  the  objects  they  represent.  They 
may  be  any  size,  as  one  fourth,  or  one  eighth, 
of  the  length  and  width  of  the  object.  This 
we  call  the  Scale  of  the  picture. 

Making  Plans.  —  How  many  inches  long  is 
the  top  of  your  desk?  How  wide  is  it?  Make 
a  plan  of  it  one  twelfth  of  these  sizes.  If  the 
desk  top  is  thirty-six  inches  long  and  twenty- 
four  wide,  the  plan  will  be  three  inches  by  two 

inches.  Draw  your 
plan  exactly  and  show 
the  position  of  the 
ink-well.  The  plan 
will  look  something 
like  this. 

In  the  same  way  make  a  plan  of  the  school- 
room. There  are  now  more  objects  to  be 
represented.     The  plan   may  look  like  this. 


Plan  of  Desk. 


l_ 


N<  iR  1  H 

Q 


UUU^CU^C 


VVVVVVVV 


plan  of  Schoolroom. 


The  north,  south,  east,  and  west  sides  of 
this  plan  are  marked.  Plans  and  maps  are 
usually  made  with  the  north  side  at  the  top. 
What  is  the  direction  of  desk  A  from  desk 
O?  from  desk  X?   B  from  Z?    Y  from  A? 

By  knowing  our  scale  we  can  tell  from  the 
plan  how  far  objects  are  from  each  other. 


MAI'S,    PLAINS    AND    PLATEAUS 


■a 

£i 

G 

ELM                ST. 

:        1 

c 

3 

MAFVKtT 

ST. 

J 

]-.'.'  I'..- 

A«iOKy 

/  /&  <*  a  **  a  X  \ 

/           MEADOW         ST.            \ 

/              N\ 

Map  of  School  Grounds.        Map  oi  Squari   of   hie  Town. 

Making  Maps.  —  Let  us  next  make  a  plan 
or  map  of  the  school  grounds.  Mark  the 
north,  south,  east,  and  west  sides.  What  po- 
sition does  the  schoolhouse  occupy?  What 
direction  is  it  from  the  gate  ?  How  far  is 
it  from  the  gate  ?    from  the  school  fence  ? 

Now  we  are  ready  to  make  a  map  of  the 
square  of  the  town  or  of  the 
fields  bordering  the  school 
grounds.  In  order  to  make 
a  good  map  we  must  care- 
fully measure  the  streets 
and  fences  and  find  their 
direction. 

Find    out    all    you    can 
from  the  maps  given. 


flows  away.  We  know  from  this  that  most 
lands  have  a  sloping  surfai 

Plains.  —  A  broad  stretch  of  nearly  level  or 
gently  sloping  land  is  called  a  Plain.  The 
surface  of  plains  is  seldom  perfectly  smooth 
and  even.  Often  it  is  broken  by  slight  de- 
pressions and  elevations  like  a  series  of  broad, 
low  waves. 

Plateaus.  —  A  high  plain  is  usually  called 
a  Plateau  or  Table-land.  The  surface  of  a 
plateau  is  usually  more  irregular  and  broken 


Slopes. 


A   PLAIN. 

III.     PLAINS   AND    PLATEAUS 

The  Surface  of  the  land  is  seldom  perfectly 
level.  It  may  seem  so  when  we  look  at  it,  but 
when  rain  falls  on  it,  part  of  the  water  usually 


A  Desert. 

than     the    surface    of    low 
plains. 

Kinds  of  Plains  and  Pla- 
teaus. —  Low.  wet  plains 
are  called  Marshes  or 
Swamps.  The  frozen 
swamps  in  northern  lands 
are  called  Tundras.  Large 
plains,   covered    with   grass, 

but  having  few   or  no   trees,  are    sometimes 

called  Prairies  or  Steppes. 

Plains  or  plateaus  with  very  few  plants  of 

any  kind  to  cover  their  sandy  or  stony  surface 

are  called  Deserts. 

Occasionally  there  may  be  a  spring  or  well 

in  a  desert,  and  around  this  grass  and  trees 

may  flourish,  forming  an  Oasis. 

Plains    densely  covered   with    trees   are   in 

some  places  called   Silvas.  though    the  word 

simply  means  "forests." 


INTRODUCTION 


of  a  valley,  it  usually  flows  away  in  a  stream 
along  the  bottom  of  the  valley.  You  will 
thus  find,  if  you  look  closely,  that  almost  all 
valleys  have  three  slopes,  —  a  side  slope  on 
each  side  leading  down  to  the  bottom  of 
the  valley,  and  a  slope  of  the  valley  bottom 
itself,  down  which  a  stream  flows. 

Try  to  represent  hills  and  valleys 'with  their 
slopes  and  divides  in  a  model. 

V.     MOUNTAINS 


high 
rugged    elevations    of 


A  Gorge. 


A  Valley. 


A  Divide. 


IV.     HILLS  AND   VALLEYS 

Hills.  —  Land  somewhat  higher  than  the 
surrounding  country  is  called  a  Hill.  In  some 
regions  the  hills  are  high,  with  steep  slopes ; 
in  other  regions  they  are  low  and  have  very 
gentle  slopes. 

Divides.  —  When  rain  falls  on  the  summit, 
or  crest,  of  a  ridge  of  hills,  it  is  divided,  part 
of  the  water  flowing  down  one  side  slope  and 
part  flown  the  other  side  slope.  The  summit 
where  two  slopes  meet  is  therefore  often  called 
a  Divide.  The  crest  of  every  line  of  hills  is  a 
de,  but  the  summit  where  two  gentle  slopes 
meet  in  the  lowlands  is  also  a  divide,  because 
the  rain  water  falling  there  is  divided  between 
the  two  slopes. 

Valleys.  —  Two  slopes  meeting  at  their 
low*  form  a  Valley.     Narrow  and  deep 

valleys  are  called  Gorget  or  Canyons. 

Whi  11  rain  water  flows  down  the  side  slopes 


Mountains.  —  Very 
and 

land  are  called  Mountains. 
Many  mountains  are  so  high 
that  their  tops  are  always 
covered  with  snow  and  are 
often  hidden  in  the  clouds. 

Ranges    or     Chains.  —  A 
mountain  Range  or  Chain  is  a 
long  and  narrowline  of  moun- 
tains.   Some  mountain  chains  are  hundreds  or 
even  thousands  of  miles  long.     The  direction 
in  which  a  range  extends  is  called  its  Trend. 

Mountain  Systems.  —  Several  mountain 
ranges  often  lie  on  an  extensive  plateau. 
Such  ranges,  together  with  the  plateau,  form 
a  mountain  System.  The  various  ranges  of 
a  mountain  system  are  usually  nearly  parallel. 
Peaks  and  Passes.  —  The  tops  of  mountain 
ranges  are  often  quite  uneven,  like  the  jagged 
edge  of  a  saw.  In  some  places  they  rise  into 
high  points  or  Peaks,  between  which  there 
may  be  low  Gaps  or  Passes.  For  this  reason 
a  mountain  range  is  sometimes  called  a  Sierra, 
the  Spanish  word  for  "saw." 

Volcanoes.  —  In  many  parts  of  the  world 
are  places  where  steam,  hot  stones,  and  even 
melted  rock  are  thrown  up  out  of  the  earth, 
often  to  a  great  height  into  the  air.  Such  a 
place  is  called  a  Volcano. 


HILLS,    VALLEYS,    MOUNTAINS 


The  melted  rock,  even  after 
it  has  cooled  and  become  solid 
again,  is  called  Lava ;  and  the 
hole  from  which  it  was  thrown 
out  is  called  the  Crater  of  the 
volcano. 

Volcanic  Peaks.  —  The  stones 
and  lava  thrown  up  from  a 
volcano  fall  back  to  the  earth 
and  cool,  and  thus  a  great 
mound  or  peak  is  gradually 
built  up  around  the  crater. 
Hence  nearly  every  volcano 
lies  on  a  mountainous  peak 
which  it  has  made.  The  crater  is  usually 
near  the  top  of  the  peak. 

Earthquakes.  —  In  some  parts  of  the  world 
the  ground,  without  apparent  cause,  at  times 
trembles  for  a  moment  —  sometimes  so  vio- 
lently that  houses  are  shaken  down  and  even 
whole  cities  destroyed.  Such  a  trembling  of 
the  ground  is  called  an  Earthquake. 

Earthquakes  may  occur  anywhere,  but  are 
most  likely  to  occur  in  mountain  regions  or 
near  volcanoes.  An  earthquake  is  thought  to 
be  the  jar  caused  by  the  breaking  and  slipping 
of  the  deeply  buried  rocks,  or  by  the  explo- 
sions of  volcanoes. 

TEST   EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

What  are  we  to  learn  about  in  this  book  ?  What  is  this 
study  called  ?     Name  some  of  the  things  included  in  this  study. 

1 .  Why  are  direction  and  distance  important  in  geography  ? 
What  are  the  four  principal  directions  ?  How  may  they  be 
found  from  the  sun  ?  from  a  star  ?  What  is  a  compass  ?  How 
is  distance  expressed  ?  What  is  the  distance  from  your  home  to 
your  schoolhouse  ?  Did  you  ever  count  your  steps  and  meas- 
ure the  length  of  one  step  ? 

2.  What  is  a  map  ?  What  is  meant  by  the  scale  of  a  map? 
Where  do  we  usually  locate  north,  south,  east,  and  west  on 
maps  ?      What  must  we  know  in  order  to  draw  a  plan  or  map  ? 

3.  Is  the  surface  of  the  land  level  ?  How  may  we  know  if 
it  slopes  ?  What  is  a  plain  ?  a  plateau  or  table-land  ?  What 
is  a  marsh  or  swamp  ?  What  are  prairies  or  steppes  ?  What 
is  a  desert  ?  an  oasis  ?  What  are  plains  covered  with  dense 
forests  sometimes  called  ? 


4.  What  is  a  hill  ?  What  kind  of 
hills  is  near  your  home  ?  Describe  a  di- 
vide, and  state  why  it  is  so  called.  Are 
divides  always  on  bills  ?  What  is  a  val- 
ley ?  What  is  a  canyon  ?  How  many 
slopes  have  most  valleys  ?    What  are  they? 

5.  What  is  a  mountain  ?  What  is  a 
ridge  ?  range  ?  chain  ?  What  is  meant  by 
trend  ?  What  is  a  mountain  system  ?  De- 
scribe peaks,  and  gaps  01  passes.  Tell  all 
you  can  about  volcanoes.  What  is  a  cra- 
ter ?  lava?  What  are  earthquakes  ?  How 
are  they  caused  ? 


VI.     SHAPE  AND  SIZE  OF  THE 
EARTH 


Shape  of  the  Heavenly  Bodies. 
—  The  moon  when  it  is  full 
appears  round.  Though  the  sun  is  usually 
too  dazzling:  to  look  at,  we  can  often  observe 
it  safely  in  the  morning  and  evening  and  on 
hazy  days,  and  then  we  see  that  it  is  round 
like  the  full  moon. 

The  stars  appear  so  small  that  we  can  not 
tell  their  shape  with  the  naked  eye.  Through 
a  powerful  telescope,  however,  the  shape  of 
some  stars,  or  planets,  can  be  determined,  and 
these  also  are  seen  to  be  round  like  the  sun 
and  moon. 

Shape  of  the  Earth.  —  If  we  could  visit  the 
moon,  the  world  on  which  we  now  live  would 
appear  like  a  heavenly  body.  It  would  seem 
round,  but  larger  and  brighter  than  the  moon 


A  Volcano  (Mt.  Etna} 


IC 


INTRODUCTION 


does  to  us.  We  call  the  heavenly  body  on 
which   we  live  the  Earth. 

Size  of  the  Earth.  —  The  earth  is  a  very 
large  ball.  You  know  how  long  a  mile  is. 
The  distance  around  the  earth  is  25,000 
miles,  and  the  distance  through  it  is  Sooo 
miles.  It  would  take  a  very  fast  railroad 
train  twenty-five  days  to  go  the  distance 
round  it. 

The  earth  seems  flat  to  us  because  when  we 
look  around  us  we  can  see  only  a  very  small 
portion  of  its  great  surface.  Any  small  por- 
tion of  it  is  very  nearly  flat. 

Proofs  that  the  Earth  is  Round.  —  1.  When 
a  ship  sails  away  from  the  shore,  it  steadily 
disappears  below  the  Horizon,  the  place  where 


the  earth  and  sky  seem  to  meet.  The  hull 
disappears  first  and  the  topmast  last.  This 
i^  because  the  surface  of  the  water  is  not  flat, 
but  curved. 

2.  People  have  traveled  round  the  world, 
starting  from  some  place  and  keeping  steadily 
in  the  same  general  direction 
until  they  arrived  again  at 
the  starting  point. 

3.  When  the  shadow  of  the 
earth  falls  on  tin-  moon  in  an 
eclipse,  the  shadow  is  always 
circular.      Now,    round    bodies   are    the    only 
ones  that  always  cast  circular  shadows. 

VII.     LAND   AND    WATER 

Elevations  and  Depressions.  —  \\Y  have 
learned  that  the  surface  of  the  land  is  not 
smooth  and  even.     I  Mils,  valleys,  mountains, 


and  plains  diversify  it,  and  make  it  irregu- 
lar. Now,  the  whole  surface  of  the  earth  is 
divided  into  high  regions  or  Elevations  and 
low  regions  called  Depressions. 

Land  and  Water.  —  The  great  depressions 
of  the  earth's  surface  are  filled  with  water, 
which  forms  the  Sea.  The  higher  portions  of 
the  earth's  surface  rise  above  the  sea  and  form 
the  Land. 

The  earth's  surface  is  thus  made  up  of 
land  and  water.  The  land  occupies  about 
one  fourth  of  the  surface  of  the  earth,  while 
the  water  occupies  three  fourths. 

Maps  of  the  Hemispheres.  —  A  round  body 
like  a  ball  is  called  a  Sphere.  The  half  of  a 
sphere  is  a  Hemisphere.  The  whole  surface 
of  the  round  earth  is  often  represented  by  maps 
of  its  two  opposite  sides  or  halves  placed  side 
by  side,  as  on  pages  12,  13.  As  each  of  these 
maps  shows  one  half  of  the  earth  they  are 
called  the  Maps  of  the  Hemispheres. 

In  these  maps  the  white  portions  represent 
large  bodies  of  water,  and  the  shaded  portions 
represent  land.  The  names  of  the  different 
parts  of  the  land  and  of  the  sea  are  printed  on 
or  near  them. 

Continents.  —  The  three  largest  masses  of 
land  are  called  Continents.  They  are  named 
the  Eastern  Continent,  the  Western  Conti- 
nent, and  the  Australian  Continent. 

Grand  Divisions.  —  The  Eastern  Continent 
comprises  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Each  of 
these  is  called  a  Grand  Division.  Europe 
and  Asia  together  are  called  Eurasia.  On 
the  hemisphere  map  find  what  two  grand 
divisions  make  up  the  Western  Continent. 

Islands.  —  Masses  of  land  smaller  than  con- 
tinents, and  surrounded  by  water,  are  called 
Islands. 

Most  islands  lie  near  the  continents  and  are 
called  (  'on tii/en to/  islands.    Some  islands,  how- 


LAND    AM)    WATKR 


II 


:-!::yj,.irvJ' 


Coral. 

ever,  lie  far  from  the  continents,  in  the  midst 
of  the  sea.  Such  Oceanic  islands  are  either 
the  tops  of  volcanoes  projecting  above  the 
water,  or  are  built  of  coral  by  little  animals 
called   Coral  Polyps. 

The  Oceans.  —  The  great  body  of  water  sur- 
rounding the  continents  is  called  the  Sea. 

For  convenience  the  sea  is  divided  into  five 
Oceans.  These  are  partly  separated  from  one 
another  by  the  continents.  The  names  of  the 
oceans  are  the  Atlantic,  the  Pacific,  the  Indian, 
the  Arctic,  and  the  .Antarctic. 


Map  Exercise, 
of  p.  12. 


Study  now  the  map  exercise  at  the  foot 


VIII.     COAST    FORMS   OF   LAND   AND    WATER 

The  Coast  Line.- — The  sea  and  land  meet  in 
a  line  called  the  Shore 
Line  or  Coast  Line. 

This  line  is  crooked 
because  the  land  is 
not  level.  Arms  of  the 
sea  extend  far  up  the 
low  valleys,  between 
which  the  higher  parts 
of  the  land  project  far 
into  the  sea. 


Fiord  and  Island. 


PENINSUl  a   a\i>  Isi  I1MLS. 

Coast  Forms  of  the  Land.  —  A  body  of  land 
projecting  far  into  the  water,  and  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  water,  is  called  a  Peninsula.  The 
word  means  "almost  an  island." 

A  narrow  neck  of  land  joining  two  larger 
bodies  of  land  is  called  an  Isthmus. 

A  small  body  of  land  jutting  out  into  the 
water  is  called  a  Cape,  Point,  or  Headland. 
A  high,  rocky  cape  is  called  a  Promontory. 
Coast  Forms  of  the  Water.  —  A  large  or  deep 
body  of  water  extending  into  the  land  is  called 
a  Sea,  a  Gulf,  or  a  Bay. 

A  long,  narrow  bay,  with  deep  water  and 
high,  steep  shores,  is  often  called  a  Fiord  or 
Firth. 

Small  sheltered  bays  in  which  ships  can 
anchor,  form  Harbors.  Cities  often  grow 
up  around  good  harbors. 

Narrow  passages  of 
water  connecting  lar- 
ger bodies  of  water 
are  called  Straits  or 
Channels. 

Broad,  shallow 
straits  are  sometimes 
called  Sounds. 

Map  Exercise.  —  Study 
now  the  exercise  on  p.  13. 


^^^^r^^^^^^^^^: 


Map  Exercise.  —  Find  the  continents  on  the  maps  (pp. 
12,  13).  How  many  continents  are  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
re?  How  many  are  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere?  By 
what  are  the  continents  surrounded?  What  oceans  are 
north  of  the  Western  Continent?  What  ocean  is  east? 
west?  What  one  is  north  of  the  Eastern 
Continent?  What  one  is  west?  What  ones  are  east? 
south?  Whit  oceans  border  the  Australian  Continent? 
Where  in  the  Western  Continent  is  the  grand  division 
called  North  America?     What  grand  division  is  southeast 


of  North  America?  How  many  grand  divisions  are  in  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere? 

On  what  continent  do  you  live?  in  what  grand  division 
of  that  continent  ? 

Look  at  the  map  and  find  which  is  the  largest  mean; 
the  smallest ;  the  largest  continent  ;  the  smallest. 

What  islands  are  between  North  and  South  America? 
Whal  island  is  east  of  North  America?  What  islands  are 
west  (if  Europe?  southeast  of  Asia? 

1  Turn  next  to  Lesson  VIII,  p.  1 1.) 


^^-"-~,  Notlh  Polo  "T"~— ~«^       "*tj 


Map  Exercise.  —  Find  the  place  where  the  Eastern 
and  Western  continents  are  closest  together.  What  body 
of  water  separates  them  ?  Find  the  place  where  the  West- 
ern Continent  is  narrowest.  What  is  the  name  of  this 
narrow  body  of  land  ?  Find  the  place  where  there  is  a 
narrow  body  of  land  connecting  Asia  and  Africa.  What 
is  its  name  ?  Find  on  the  map  bodies  of  land  partly  sur- 
rounded by  water.  Name  some  peninsulas.  Find  some 
peninsulas  in  North  America.  Find  some  points  of  land 
projecting  into  the  ocean.     Name  some  capes.     Did  you 


ever  see  a  real  island?  a   real  peninsula?    a  real  cape? 
Where  is  Cape  Horn  ?    Cape  of  Cood  Hope  ? 

What  body  of  water  separates  Europe  from  Africa  ? 
What  is  the  narrowest  portion  at  the  western  end  of  this 
sea  called  ?  Find  some  other  straits  on  "the  map.  Find 
some  other  seas  on  the  map.  Find  a  channel  on  the  map. 
What  body  of  water  extends  into  the  southern  part  of 
North  America?  Find  some  other  gulfs  on  the  map. 
Find  a  bay  on  the  map.  What  large  bay  is  south  of 
Asia  ?     What  large  sea  is  south  of  Asia? 


13 


14 


INTRODUCTION 


SNOWFLAKES. 

IX.     WEATHER   AND   CLIMATE 

Weather.  —  The  condition  of  the  air  at  any 
time,  with  regard  to  its  heat,  moisture,  and 
motion,  is  called  the    Weather. 

Climate.  —  The  kinds  of  weather  that  are 
usual  at  any  place  constitute  the  Climate  of 
that  place.  Thus  we  say  that  the  climate  of 
a  place  is  hot  or  cold,  wet  or  dry,  changeable 
or  equable,  if  the  weather  there  is  generally 
hot  or  cold,  wet  or  dry,  changeable  or  equable, 
throughout  the  year. 

Winds  are  simply  air  in  motion.  They  are 
caused  by  differences  in  the  heat  of  the  air 
at  two  places.  The  warmer  air  is  lighter 
than  the  colder.  Hence  the  cool  and  heavy 
air  moves  toward  the  warmer  air,  pushing  it 
up  and  away.     Thus  the  air  is  put  in  motion. 

Vapor.  —  If  a  wet  cloth  is  hung  out  in  the 
air,  it  soon  becomes  dry.  What  becomes  of 
the  water  that  was  in  the  cloth?  It  escapes 
into  the  air  in  particles  so  small  that  they 
can  not  be  seen.  Moisture  in  this  form  is 
called  Vapor.  It  is  lighter  than  air,  and  min- 
gles with  it.  The  change  of  water  into  vapor 
is  called  Evaporation.  When  water  boils  in  a 
teakettle,  it  is  evaporating  rapidly,  and  disap- 
pearing as  steam  or  hoi  vapor,  but  when  wet 
clothes  dry  on  the  clothesline,  the  water  in 
them  evaporates  more  slowly  and  disappears  as 
cold  vapor.  During  warm,  windy  days  a  vast 
amount  of  water  i>  evaporated  from  the  sea. 

Rain  and  Snow.  —  Warm  air  can  hold  much 
more  ■  apor  than  (old   air.     'I  heref< n e,  when 


air  that  is  full  of  vapor  is  chilled,  some  of  its 
vapor  condenses  or  changes  back  to  water 
again.  The  little  particles  of  water  unite  to 
form  drops  which  may  fall  as  Rain,  or  they 
may  freeze  in  uniting,  and  form  the  beautiful 
ice  crystals  we  call  Snowflakes. 

Much  vapor  that  rises  from  the  sea  is  car- 
ried over  the  land  to  fall  as  rain  or  snow 
whenever  the  vapor  is  sufficiently  chilled.  In 
this  way  the  land  is  watered. 

X.     WATERS   OF   THE    LAND 

Ground  Water.  —  Some  of  the  water  that 
falls  on  the  earth  as  rain  or  snow  sinks  deep 
into  the  ground.  It  is  this  Ground  Water 
which   supplies  all  wells. 


Springs.  —  The  water  sinks  into  the  earth 
until  it  reaches  a  layer  of  rock  through  which 
it  can  not  easily  pass.  It  then  spreads  out 
along  the  top  of  this  layer,  and  creeps  down 
its  slope;  and  if  the  rock  layer  comes  out  to 
or  near  the  surface,  the  water  may  flow  out 
of  the  ground  as  a  Spring. 

Ground  water  creeps  along  the  top  of  the 
buried  rock  layers  very  slowly.  Other  rains 
maj  therefore  furnish  new  supplies  of  ground 
water  before  the  old  supply  has  run  out.  So 
some  springs  never  become  dry,  while  others 
cease  flowing  in  dry  weather. 


WATERS    OF    THE    LAND 


15 


Geysers.  —  The  water 
of  most  springs  is  cool, 
but  the  water  of  some 
deep-seated  springs  is 
boiling  hot.  Some  hot 
springs  spout  steam 
and  hot  water  high  in- 
to the  air  at  regular 
intervals  of  a  few  min- 
utes or  a  few  hours. 
Such  spouting  springs 
are  called  Geysers. 

Streams.  —  The  small  a  geyser. 

stream  of  water  flowing  from  a  spring  is  called 
a  Rill  or  Brook.  The  brook  flows  down  into 
some  valley  and  then  down  along  the  sloping- 
bottom  of  the  valley.  As  it  flows  onward, 
other  streams  join  it  and  increase  its  size 
until  it  becomes  a  Creek  and  perhaps  a  great 
River. 

A  river  may  flow  through  the  land  for  hun- 
dreds of  miles,  but  finally  it  is  very  likely  to 
reach  the  sea. 

Thus  you  see  that  vapor  from  the  sea  falls 
as  rain  or  snow  upon  the  land.  This  water 
flows  off  or  soaks  into  the  ground  and  reap- 
pears as  a  spring.  Through  streams  it  reaches 
the  sea  again,  and  thus  the  round  is  com- 
pleted.    This  goes  on  year  after  year. 

Parts  of  a  Stream.  — The  beginning 
of  a  stream  is  its  Source.  The  place 
where  it  flows  into  a  larger  stream,  or 
other  body  of  water,  is  called  its  Mouth. 
The  source  of  a  stream  is  often  a  spring, 
but  it  may  be  a  swamp  or  the  perpetual 
snow  on  some  high  mountain  side. 

Stream  Systems  and  Basins.  — 
Streams  which  flow  into  larger  streams 
are  called  Brandies  or  Tributaries. 
A  great  river  usually  has  many  tribu- 
taries. 


A   stream    with  all   its    tributaries    forms 
stream  System;  and  all  the  land  which  slopes 
toward  a  stream  or  any  of  its  tributaries  is  said 
to  form  the  Basin  of  that  stream. 

Ponds  and  Lakes.  —  When  a  stream  meets 
a  dam  or  obstruction,  through  or  around 
which  it  can  not  escape,  its  current  is  stopped 
and  it  forms  a  pool  of  still  water.  This  pool 
is  called  a  Pond  if  small  or  a  Lake  if  large. 
Some  lakes  are  several  hundred  miles  long 
and  so  wide  that  you  can  not  see  acn  »ss 
them. 

The  streams  which  enter  a  lake  are  called 
its  Inlets.  A  lake  generally  has  a  stream  flow- 
ing out  of  it  also.     This  is  called  an  Outlet. 


a  Lake. 

Some   lakes,   however,    have    inlets   but    no 
outlet.     The  water  of  such  lakes  is  very  apt 
to   be   like   the    water   of 
the  sea  —  so  salt  that  it 
is  unfit  to  drink. 

TEST    EXERCISES    FOR 
REVIEW 


6.  What  is  the  shape  of  the 
sun.  moon,  and  planets  ?  What  is 
the  shape  of  the  earth  ?     How  ! 

is  the  earth  ?     Why  does  it  5 
flat  ?     How    do    we    know    it    is 
round  ? 

7.  Is  the  surface  of  the  earth 
smooth  and  even  ?  What  occupies 
the  low  places  ?  What  are  the  high 
places  called  ?  Is  there  more  land 
or  water  on  the   earth's    surfai 


j.jugl.I.  J^W,  l)j  b.  R.  SloUanl. 

A  BROOK. 


i6 


INTRODUCTION 


How  much  more?  What  are 
continents?  Name  them.  What 
are  the  largest  divisions  of  con- 
tinents called  ?  Name  them. 
What  is  an  island  ?  What  is 
one  great  difference  between 
continents  and  islands?  What 
can  you  tell  about  various  kinds 
of  islands  ?  What  is  the  great 
body  of  water  called  which  sur- 
rounds the  continents  ?  How 
is    it    divided  ?      Name     the 


oceans. 

8.  What  is  the  coast  line? 
Explain  why  it  is  crooked. 
What  is  a  peninsula  ?  an  isth- 
mus ?     a   cape  ?    What   is  a 

sea,  gulf,  or  bay  ?     What  is  Rock  Waste. 

the  difference  between  a  fiord 
and  a  harbor  ?    What  is  a  strait  ?    a  channel  ?    a  sound  ? 

9.  What  is  the  difference  between  weather  and  climate  ? 
What  causes  winds  ?  What  is  vapor  ?  evaporation  ?  How 
does  the  air  get  its  moisture  ?  Explain  where  rain  and  snow 
come  from. 

10.  Where  does  ground  water  come  from  ?  How  are  springs 
caused  ?  Why  do  many  flow  constantly  ?  What  are  geysers  ? 
Describe  the  gradual  formation  of  a  river.  Where  does  the 
water  of  streams  originally  come  from  and  where  does  it  return  ? 
What  is  the  source  of  a  stream  ?  the  mouth  ?  What  is  a  stream 
system  ?  a  basin  ?  What  are  ponds  or  lakes  ?  What  are  in- 
lets and  outlets  ?  How  are  lakes  without  outlet  likely  to  be 
peculiar  ? 


XI.     EROSION    OR   WASTING   OF   THE    LAND 

Crumbling  of  the  Rocks.  —  When  the  rain 
soaks  into  the  ground  or  falls  on  rocks,  it 
dissolves  some  parts  of  them  just  as  water 
dissolves  sugar.  The  grains  that  are  left 
are  loosened  from  one  another  and  after  a 
while  the  rock  falls  to  pieces.  This  action 
3  on  slowly  but  surely  year  after  year. 

Sometimes  the  water  in  the  rocks  freezes. 
In  freezing,  the  water  expands  and  often 
breaks  the  rocks  apart.  Have  you  seen 
pitchers  or  barrels  burst  by  ice  ?  Where 
the  freezing  and  thawing  occurs  often,  it 
loosens  the  soil  and  breaks  the  surface 
rocks  into  small   pice  es. 

When    rocks    are    heated    by  the  sun   they 

id    iid  when  cooled  they  contract.     This 

action    breaks   off  small   pieces  of  the   rocks; 

water  and  frost  make  them  smaller,  until 


they  become  the  fine, 
loose  material  that 
forms  the  surface  of 
the  land. 

Rock  Waste.  —  We 
may  call  all  this  fine 
material      made      by 
water,  frost,  and  heat, 
Rock  Waste  or  Detri- 
tus.   It  forms  gravel, 
sand,    and    clay,    and 
when      mixed       with 
partly  decayed  vegetable  matter  it  forms  Soil. 
Because  water  and  heat  are  always  acting 
in  some  way  upon  the  rocks,  you  might  sup- 
pose that  the  rock  waste  becomes  deeper  each 
year.     In   some   places   the   rock   waste  does 
become    deeper    each    year,  but    in   others  it 
is  carried  away  as  fast  as  it  is  formed. 

Removal  of  Rock  Waste.  —  The  wind  carries 
much  sand  and  fine  rock  waste  with  it  as 
dust.  Most  of  this  is  blown  off  the  hilltops 
and  into  the  valleys. 

Running  water  removes  much  more  rock 
waste  than  the  wind.  When  rain  falls,  the 
little  streams  that  form  and  flow  alon"[  the 
roadsides  and  in  the  fields  are  muddy  and 
dirty.  If  you  look  at  them  closely,  you  will 
sec  that  the  mud  is  mostly  fine  rock  waste. 
They  pick  this  up  as  they  flow  along,  and  it 
is  washed  into  them  by  the  rain.  Sand  and 
gravel   are  also  pushed  along. 

The  little  streams  carry  part  of  their  load 
into  the  creeks  and  rivers,  and  they  in  turn 
carry  it  onward  to  the  sea. 

How  Valleys  were  made.  —  A  stream  carry- 
ing rock  waste  acts  like  a  file  on  its  bed.  It 
thus  files  out  a  channel  for  itself  even  in  the 
hardest  rock.  The  swifter  it  flows,  the  fash  r 
it  tiles,  and  the  more  rapidly  it  deepens  its 
channel.       Thus   nearly  every  stream    is  con- 


EROSION 


17 


stantly  making  its  valley  deeper,  while  every 
rainstorm  makes  the  valley  wider  by  washing 
rock  waste  from  the  side  slopes.  Nearly  all 
the  valleys  in  the  world  have  been  dug  out  in 
this  way  by  the  streams  which  flow  in  them, 
aided  by  the  rains,  frosts,  and  winds. 

The  materials  torn  from  the  stream  bed 
are  carried  or  pushed  along  until  the  stream 
reaches  the  lowland.  Here,  where  the  stream 
flows  slowly,  some  of  the  rock  waste  is 
dropped,  forming  sand  banks  and  mud  flats. 
Thus  is  formed  much  of  the  soil  of  the  rich 
grassy  meadows  and  river  plains.  But  in 
times  of  flood  even  parts  of  these  river  plains 
are  washed  away  and  carried  downstream. 

Erosion.  —  This  wearing  away  of  the  land 
by  streams,  rains,  frost,  and  winds  is  often 
called  Erosion.  By  it  every  hill  and  moun- 
tain is  being  slowly  wasted  away. 


Southeast  Pass 


A  Delta. 

Deltas.  —  When  the  rock  waste  is  deposited 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  it  chokes  up  the  mouth 
and  forms  a  fan-shaped  region  of  marshy  land 
and  shallow  water  called  a  Delta.  The  river 
is  broken  up  by  this  deposit,  and  flows  through 
it  in  several  channels. 

Barrier  Beaches.  —  Long  lines  of  sand  banks 
are  often  formed  outside  a  coast  by  the  waves. 
These  are  called  Barrier  Beaches.      On   the 


side  toward  the  mainland 
there  is  usually  a  shallow 
body  of  water  called  a 
Lagoon  or  Sound.  Plants 
grow  and  decay  in  these 
lagoons,  and  rock  waste  is 
carried  into  them.  Thus 
they  slowly  fill  up  and 
form  swamps  and  finally 
solid  land. 

XII.     THE   SPINNING   OF 
THE    EARTH 

Day  and  Night.  —  The 
sun  gives  light  and  heat 
to  the  earth.  But  the 
earth  is  round  like  a  ball. 
Hence  the  sun  shines  on  only  half  the  earth 
at  one  time.  The  side  of  the  earth  upon 
which  the  sun  shines  has  the  light  of  clay, 
while  the  side  that  is  away  from  the  sun  is  in 
shadow  or  night. 

Spinning  of  the  Earth.  —  Let  us  take  a  ball 
and  place  a  long  pin  or  needle  through  its 
center.  .  Now  hold  it  in  the  light  of  a  candle, 
and  slowly  spin  it  on  the  pin.  You  see  that 
half  the  ball  is  lighted  and  the  other  half  is 
in  shadow  or  darkness.  You  also  see  that, 
as  we  turn  the  ball,  new  parts  come  into  the 
light,  and  others  go  into  the  shadow. 


A  Barrier  Beach. 


i8 


INTRODUCTION 


The  earth  spins  slowly  in  nearly  the  same 
way,  and  this  is  why  day  and  night  follow 
each  other,  and  why  the  sun  appears  to  rise 
and  set.  Since  the  earth  turns  from  west  to 
east,  the  sun  appears  in  the  east  and  disap- 
pear^ in  the  west.  It  takes  the  earth  a  day 
and  a  night,  or  twenty-four  hours,  to  turn 
completely  around. 

Axis  and  Poles  of  the  Earth.  —  The  imagi- 
nary line  around  which  the  earth  spins  is 
called  its  Axis.  The  axis 
points  toward  the  North  Star. 
The  ends  of  the  axis  are 
called  the  Poles  of  the  earth. 
The  north  pole  is  the  end 
toward  the  North  Star,  and 
the  opposite  end  is  the  south  pole  of  the  earth. 

Equator.  —  The  imaginary  line  extending 
around  the  earth  halfway  between  the  north 
pole  and  the  south  pole  is  called  the  Equator. 

The  equator  divides  the  earth's  surface  into 
a  northern  hemisphere  and  a  southern  hemi- 
sphere. 

Take  a  ball  and  mark  on  it  in  the  proper 
positions  two  dots  for  the  poles  and  a  line  for 
the  equator. 

XIII.     ZONKS 


Zones.  —  You  know  that  it  is  usually  warmer 
at   noon    than    in    the   early  ^    msi 

morning.      This   is  because  _«*>* 

at  noon  the  sun's  rays  fall 
from  nearly  overhead,  while 
in  the  morning  and  evening 
they  fall  very  obliquely  or 
slantingly. 

The     only     part     of     the 

earth's  surface  on  which  the 

sunbeams  ever  fall  from  di- 

rectly   ovei  head   is   the  part 

n<  ir  the  equator.    The 


sunbeams  fall  more  and  more  obliquely  the 
nearer  a  place  is  to  the  poles.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  poles  the  sunbeams  fall  very 
obliquely. 

On  this  account  it  is  always  cold  near  the 
poles  of  the  earth,  and  snow  and  ice  may  be 
seen  there  throughout  the  year.  Near  the 
equator,-  however,  it  is  always  very  warm,  and 
snow  and  ice  are  unknown  except  on  the 
highest  mountain   tops. 

The  earth's  surface  may  therefore  be 
divided  into  belts  or  Zones  of  heat  and  cold. 

Torrid  Zone.  —  The  hottest  part  of  the 
earth  is  called  the  Torrid  Zone.  This  zone 
lies  on  both  sides  of  the  equator.  It  extends 
to  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  on  the  north,  and  to 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  on  the  south. 

Frigid  Zones.  —  The  coldest  parts  of  the 
earth  lie  about  either  pole,  and  are  called 
the  Frigid  Zones.  The  North  Frigid  Zone 
extends  from  the  north  pole  to  the  Arctic 
Circle.  The  South  Frigid  Zone  extends  from 
the  south  pole  to  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Temperate  Zones.  —  Between  the  Torrid 
Zone  and  the  Frigid  Zone  there  is  a  tem- 
perate zone  in  each  hemisphere  —  the  North 
Temperate  Zone  in  the  northern  hemisphere, 
and  the  South  Temperate  Zone  in  the  south- 
ern hemisphere.      In  the  Temperate  zones  it 


hOHIH     fniF 


ZONES,    I' I  AN  I  S 


[g 


is  warm  during  about  one  half  of  the  year  and 
cold  during  the  other  half. 

Zones  on  Mountain  Sides.  —  As  we  climb 
high  mountains,  or  as  we  ascend  into  the 
air  in  a  balloon,  we  find  that  the  weather 
becomes  colder  and  colder  the  higher  we 
go.  The  change  is  quite  rapid.  Thus  the 
tops  of  high  mountains  are  always  covered 
with  snow.  If  such  mountains  are  in  the 
Torrid  Zone,  we  find  a  hot  climate  at  the 
base    of    the   mountain,   a    temperate    climate 


There  is  so  much  heat  and  moisture  in  som< 
parts  of  the  Torrid  /one  that  the  forest  tr<  es 
grow  very   large   and   close   together.      Vines 
and  other    plants    also    grow  over  the    trees, 

making  the  forests  so  dense  thai  you  can  hardly 
force  your  way  through  them. 

In  these  forests  grow  many  valuable  woods 
and  plants,  such  as  mahogany,  rosewood,  and 
India  rubber  trees.      There  are  many  beauti- 


NORTH     rEMPERATE  ZONE  IN    |ULY. 

part  way  up  its  sides, 
and  a  cold  climate  near 
the  top. 

XIV.     PLANTS 

Plants  of  Hot  Regions. 
—  Most  plants  grow  best 
in  fertile  soil  where  there 
is  warmth  and  mois- 
ture. The  Torrid  Zone 
is  warm  throughout  the  year,  and  in  many 
places  very  moist.  Hence  plant  life  is  there 
most  luxuriant.  Most  of  the  plants  have 
large,  broad  leaves  and  are  evergreen,  that 
is,  the  old  green  leaves  do  not  fall  off  the 
plant  until  after  the  new  leaves  are  formed. 


roRRm  Zone  in  Fanuar\ 


North  Tl  mo  rati   /  >Nl    in 
January. 

ful  palms,  as  the  cocoa- 
nut  palm ;  and  ferns  so 
large  that  they  form 
trees,  and  are  called 
tree-ferns.  Spices,  cof- 
fee, much  sugar,  and 
bananas,  pineapples,  and 
many  other  luscious 
fruits,  are  all  obtained 
from  plants  which  grow 
in  the  Torrid  Zone, 
while  oranges  and  lemons  grow  in  that  zone 
and  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Temperate 
zones. 

Plants  of  Temperate  Regions.  —  The  forests 
of  temperate  regions  are  more  open.  The 
trees  do  not  grow  so  close  together,  and  main- 


20 


INTRODUCTION 


Animals  OF  Hm   REGIONS. 


of  them  shed  their  leaves  when  winter  comes, 
as  the  chestnut,  the  walnut,  the  hickory,  the 
maple,  the  elm,  and  the  oak,  all  of  which 
you  know.  In  some  parts  of  the  Temperate 
zones  are  great  forests  of  evergreen  pines  and 
i  i  lars. 

Wheat  and  corn  and  rye,  oats,  and  barley, 
belong  to  temperate  regions.  And  here  we 
find  the  apple,  peach,  plum,  and  grape,  fruits 
we  know  so  well  and  enjoy  so  much.  I  [ere 
also  an-  grown  tea  and  tobacco,  the  cotton 
and  flax  of  which  much  cloth  is  made,  and 
the  beet  which  supplies  many  countries  with 
sugar. 

Plants  of  Cold  Regions.  —  The  Frigid  zones 
.in-  so  i  old  that  in  some  pla<  es  the  ground  is 
frozen  all  the  time.  I  lence  few  plants  grow 
then-.  I  he  i  hiei  plants  are  mosses,  lichens, 
dwarf  willows,  and  birches.  These  are  plants 
of  the  hardiest  nature. 


Plants  on  Mountains. — Since  it  becomes 
colder  the  higher  we  go,  the  plants  near  the 
top  of  high  mountains  are  very  different  from 
those  near  the  bottom.  Thus  if  the  moun- 
tains are  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  the  plants  of  hot 
regions  will  grow  at  the  foot;  plants  of  tem- 
perate regions  some  distance  up;  and  plants 
of  cold  regions  at  the  top  just  below  the  per- 
petual snow. 

XV.    ANIMALS 

Animals  live  on  plants  or  on  plant-eating 
animals.  Hence  where  plants  are  most  abun- 
dant we  find  the  most  animals.  Hut  we  have 
learned  that  the  greatest  number  of  plants 
grow  where  it  is  warm  and  moist.  both 
animals  and  plants  are  therefore  most  abun- 
dant in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

Animals  of  Hot  Regions.  —  Many  large 
plant  eating    animals,    like    the    elephant,    the 


ANIMALS 


21 


Animals  of  Temperai 

rhinoceros,  the  hippopotamus,  and  the  giraffe, 
are  found  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  There  are 
also  many  large  catlike  animals,  as  the  lion, 
the  tiger,  the  leopard,  and  the  jaguar. 

In  many  places  monkeys  are  abundant,  and 
birds  of  the  most  brilliant  plumage.  Beauti- 
ful butterflies  and  other  insects  swarm  in  this 
zone.  Serpents  abound,  and  many  of  them 
are  of  great  size,  as  boa  constrictors.  In  the 
rivers  there  are  many  crocodiles  and  alligators. 

Animals  of  Temperate  Regions.  —  Many  of 
the  animals  of  temperate  regions  are  useful. 
The  horse,  the  donkey,  the  cow,  the  sheep, 
the  goat,  and  the  pig  all  lived  wild  at  one 
time  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone.  They 
have  been  tamed  and  improved,  and  are  now 
used  in  warm  lands  also.  The  camel  is  very 
useful  in  both  temperate  and  torrid  regions. 

Many  doglike  animals  are  found  here. 
Some  of  these  are  the  wolves  and  the  foxes. 


E  and  Cold  Regions. 

Many  different  kinds  of  deer  and  bears  are 
abundant  in  the  forests.  The  grizzly,  black, 
and  brown  bears  are  well  known. 

The  birds  are  not  so  beautiful  as  those  of 
hot  regions,  but  their  song  is  much  sweeter 
and  more  varied.  The  robin,  the  bobolink, 
the  thrushes,  and  the  mocking  bird  nest  in 
temperate  regions. 

Animals  of  Cold  Regions. —  Many  water  birds, 
such  as  wild  ducks  and  geese,  live  in  the 
Frigid  Zone  in  the  short  polar  summer,  but 
migrate  toward  the  equator  in  winter.  A  few- 
birds  remain  in  the  Arctic  regions  through- 
out the  year.     These  are  mainly  water  birds. 

The  polar  bear,  the  musk  ox,  the  reindeer, 
and  the  arctic  fox  are  the  chief  land  animals 
of  cold  regions;  but  many  seals  and  walruses 
live  in  the  ocean  along  the  borders  of  lands 
and  ice  fields.  On  these  they  come  out  to 
rest  and  sleep. 


22 


INTRODUCTION 


Necro. 


TEST   EXERCISES   FOR 
REVIEW 

Ii.  How  does  the  weather  af- 
fect rocks?  What  is  made  by  the 
crumbling  of  the  rocks?  Describe 
how  rock  waste  is  removed.  How 
were  valleys  made?  What  is  ero- 
sion? Describe  the  formation  of 
deltas.     What  are  barrier  beaches? 

1 2.  Describe  the  cause   of  day 
and  night.     What  is  the  axis  of  the 
earth?    the   north   pole?    the  south 
pole?    the  equator?     Into   what  does  the  equator   divide   the 
earth's  surface  ? 

13.  Explain  why  it  is  warmer  at  noon  than  in  the  early 
morning.  Which  part  of  the  earth  is  the  warmest?  Why? 
Which  parts  of  the  earth  are  the  coldest?  Why?  How  is  the 
earth  divided  with  respect  to  the  heat?  Name  and  locate  the 
zones.  Describe  the  heat  belts  or  zones  on  the  sides  of  high 
mountains. 

14.  Where  do  plants  grow  best?  in  what  zone?  Describe 
the  foliage  of  plants  in  hot  regions.  Mention  some  useful 
plants  that  grow  there.  Describe  the  forests  of  the  temperate 
regions.  Mention  some  of  their  useful  plants.  What  can  you 
say  of  plants  in  cold  regions?  of  plants  on  the  slopes  of  high 
mountains  ? 

15.  Where  are  animals  most  abundant?  Why?  Mention 
some  animals  of  hot  regions;   of  temperate  regions;   of  cold 

us. 


XVI.      RACES    OF    MEN 

Man.  —  Animals  often  live  best  in  the  region 

where  they  are  first  found.     This  is  because 

they  are  adapted,  or  fitted,  to  the  climate  and 

place.      Man  can  adapt  himself  to  any  climate. 

This  is  because  he  can 

think    and    reason    and 

has  more  cunning  than 

animals.    He  has  learned 

to  build  a  fire,  to  make 

clothing,    and    to    raise 

i   preserve  food.     He 

is  thus  not  so  d<  pendent 

upon  nature  for  what  he 

ds. 

People  from  different 
parts  of  the  earth  dif- 
fer  very   little  in  shape 

and    size.       They    an-    so 

much  alike  that  we  think  olian 


all  people  distantly  related.  Still  people  do 
differ  in  some  ways.  Thus  some  men  have 
dark  brown  skins  and  very  curly  hair ;  others 
have  a  yellow  or  a  brownish  skin  and  very 
straight  hair;  and  still  others  very  fair  skins 
and  silky  hair. 

Races.  —  By  such  slight  differences  as  these 
mankind  has  been  divided  into  four  great 
Races,  —  the  Black  or  Negro  race,  the  Brown 
or  Malay  race,  the  Yellow  or  Mongolian  race, 
and  the   White  or  Caucasian  race.     Each  of 

these  great  races  lives 
chiefly  in  a  different  part 
of  the  world  from  the 
others. 

The   Negro    Race.  —  A 
negro  has  a  dark  brown 
or     nearly     black     skin, 
curly  or  kinky  hair,  thick 
Malay.  lips,    and    a    flat     nose. 

The  great  home  of  the  negro  is  central  and 
southern  Africa ;  but  the  few  black  natives  of 
Australia  and  some  islands  near  by  are  also 
classed  as  negroes. 

Some  negro  tribes  in  Africa  cultivate  the 
soil  and  have  settled  homes.     Others  live  in 

the  forests,  are  ignorant 
and  degraded,  wear  lit- 
tle or  no  clothing,  and 
get  their  food  chiefly 
by  hunting.  These  may 
be  called  Savages. 

The  Brown  or  Malay 
Race.  —  A  Malay  has  a 
brownish  skin, dark  eyes, 
and  straight  dark  hair. 
The  home  of  this  race 
is  southeastern  Asia  and 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific. 
The  Yellow  or  Mongo- 


lian Race. — A  Mongolian 


RACKS,    OCCUPATIONS 


23 


has  coarse,  straight,  black  hair 
and  a  yellowish  skin.  The  chief 
home  of  the  race  is  eastern 
Asia;  but  the  reddish  natives 
of  America,  Eskimos  and  Indi- 
ans, are  classed  with  this  race. 
Some  of  the  peoples  of  this 
race  live  in  tents  and  roam  from 


Cattle  Raising. 


\'  .  1: 1.  I   I   I  1   RE, 


Lumbering. 

place  to  place  with 
their  herds,  and  are  but 
//  a  If  civilized.  O  t  hers 
build  houses  and  live 
by  farming.  Many 
can  read  and  write, 
and  have  advanced 
much  in  civilization. 

The  White  or  Cau- 
casian   Race.  —  A    Caucasian    has    a    pinkish 
skin,  fine,  silky,  often  wavy  hair,  and  a  high, 
broad  forehead. 

This  race  contains  the  most  civilized  and 
enlightened  people  of  the  world.  They  build 
houses,  cultivate  the  soil,  make  good  tools  and 
machines,  and  build  engines,  ships,  and  rail- 
roads. They  produce  better  food  and  cloth- 
ing than  the  other  races.  Most  of  the  people 
can   read    and   write,   and    good   schools    and 


colleges  are  gener- 
ally found  among 
them. 

The  home  of  the 
Caucasian  race  is 
Europe,  southern 
Asia,  and  northern 
.Africa.  Caucasians 
from  Europe  have 
settled  in  many 
other  parts  of  the 
world,  especially  in 
America  and  Aus- 
tralia, where  most  of  the  people  now  belong  to 

that  race. 

XVII.     OCCUPATIONS 

Occupations.  —  The    chief    occupations    of 
mankind    are    agriculture,    herding,     mining, 
lumbering,       manufactur- 
ing, and  commerce. 

Agriculture.  —  When 
men  cultivate  the  soil  and 
raise  crops  of  plants  for 
food  or  clothing,  they 
are  said  to  be  engaged 
in  Farming  or  Agricul- 
ture. The  chief  crops 
raised  are  wheat,  corn,  rye, 
oats,  barley,  rice,  cotton, 
sugar  beets,  sugar  cane, 
fruits,  garden  vegetables, 
tea,  coffee,  and  spices.  The  crops  differ  in 
different  parts  of  the  world  because  the  cli- 
mates and  soils  differ. 

Herding.  —  In  some  places  the  chief  employ- 
ment of  men  is  raising  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  hogs,  or  camels.  This  occupation  is 
called  Herding.  The  cattle  are  fattened  for 
their  flesh,  called  Beef,  or  they  are  used  to 
furnish  milk,  from  which  we  get  butter  and 
cheese.     The  sheep  are  raised  for  their  wool. 


24 


INTRODUCTION 


Manufacturing. 

goats  for  their  hair,  and  camels  for  use  as 
beasts  of  burden. 

Lumbering  and  Mining.  —  The  cutting  down 
of  trees  and  preparing  the  wood  roughly  for 
market  is  called  Lumbering. 

The  digging  of  coal,  iron,  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  other  useful  minerals  from  the  earth  is 
called  Milling.  The  place  where  the  min- 
erals are  dug  is  called  a  Mine.  Some  mines, 
as  coal  mines,  are  very  deep,  and  great  ma- 
chines must  be  used  to  force  pure  air  into 
the  mines  and  to  pump  the  water  out. 

Manufacturing.  —  The  making,  on  a  large 
scale,  of  cloth,  paper,  machines,  wagons,  ships, 
engines,  and  other  things  of  use  to  man 
is  called  Manufacturing.  The  building  in 
which  articles  are  made  is  called  a  Factory. 
I  i  i uiies  are  usually  situated  where  there  is 
water  for  turning  water  wheels  or  where  fuel 
engines  to  run  the  machines  can  be  easily 
obtained. 

Commerce.  —  The  buying  and  selling  of 
good-,  and  carrying  them  from  one  pine  to 
another  is  called  Commerce,  '  roods  are  bought 
and  sold  by  men  limit V  and  are  carried  from 
place  to  place  by  horses  and  wagons,  by 
camels,  by  railroads,  and  in  ships. 


XVIII.     GOVERNMENT 

Government.  —  Men  make  rules  or  Laws  to 
secure  order  in  their  country.  All  the  people 
are  then  protected  and  benefited.  The  laws 
and  customs  by  which  a  people  are  controlled 
form  their  Government.  Certain  men  make 
the  laws  and  see  that  they  are  obeyed.  These 
men  are  Officers  of  the  government. 

Kinds  of  Government.  —  There  are  two  chief 
kinds  of  governments,  Republics  and  Mon- 
archies. Monarchies  are  also  of  two  kinds, 
limited  monarchies  and  absolute  monarchies. 

Monarchy.  —  An  Absolute  Monarchy  is  one 
in  which  the  ruler,  or  king,  makes  the  laws 
and  sees  that  they  are  obeyed.  He  has  entire 
control  of  the  country,  and  all  the  people  must 
obey  his  will.     He   obtains  his  position  gen- 


I  ll  IMMI  i;<  E. 


erally  because  he  is  the  son  or  other  near  rela- 
tive of  the  former  ruler,  and  he  holds  it  for  life. 
In  a  Limited  Monarchy  the  people  choose 
men  to  make  the  laws,  and  the  king  sees  that 
they  are  enforced.  The  king  in  a  limited 
monarchy  has  therefore  much  less  power  than 
the  king  in  an  absolute  monarchy.  But  he 
usually  obtains  his  position  in  the  same  way, 
and  holds  it  for  life. 


HOW   TO    READ    A    MAP 


25 


Monarchies  are  sometimes  called  King- 
doms, Empires,  and  Principalities.  A  king- 
dom is  ruled  by  a  king,  an  empire  by  an 
emperor,  and  a  principality  by  a  prince. 

Republic.  —  In  a  Republic  the  people  elect 
officers  to  make  the  laws  and  others  to  enforce 
them.  These  officers  are  elected  for  a  defi- 
nite time  only.  If  they  do  not  act  properly, 
the  people  need  not  elect  them  again. 

The  chief  officer  in  a  republic  is  called 
President. 

XIX.     HOW  TO   READ   A   MAP 

Directions  Indicated.  —  The  directions  on 
maps  are  indicated  by  two  sets  of  fine  black 
lines.  One  set  usually  cross  the  map  from 
the  top  to  the  bottom.  On  most  maps  they 
are  somewhat  curved.  They 
are  called  Meridians  and  indi- 
cate north  and  south  direction. 

The  other  set  of  black  lines 
usually  cross  the  map  from 
side  to  side.  They  also  are 
usually  curved.  They  are 
called  Parallels  of  Latitude 
and  indicate  east  and  west 
direction. 


number  of  short  black  marks  side  by  side,  and 
the  name  is  printed  near  by. 

A  To7un  is  shown  by  a  small  black  ring, 
near  which  the  name  of  the  town  is  printed. 

How  to  study  a  Map.  —  In  studying  a 
country  on  the  map  we  should  follow  some 
regular  plan. 

1.  Bound  the  country  by  naming  the  coun- 
tries or  bodies  of  water  around  it.  Name 
those  to  the  north,  east,  south,  and  west. 

2.  Describe  its  shape. 

3.  If  it  borders  an  ocean,  describe  the  coast 
line. 

4.  Describe  the  position  and  trend  of  the 
mountains  in  the  country. 

5.  Name  the  chief  rivers  and  describe  them 
by    telling   where    they    rise,    their    direction 

of  flow,  and  into  what  they 
flow.  Also  name  some  of 
their  branches. 

6.  Name  the  chief  lakes, 
their  inlets  and  outlets,  if 
there  are  any,  and  tell  where 
they  are  situated. 

7.  Name  and  locate  the 
capital  (marked  thus  *  )  and 
chief  towns  of  the  country. 


In    most    maps    toward   the 


Meridians  and  Parallels. 


top  is  north,  toward  the  bottom  south,  toward 
the  left  hand  west,  and  toward  the  right,  east. 

How  Features  are  drawn.  —  In  many  maps 
the  large  bodies  of  water,  such  as  oceans,  seas, 
gulfs,  and  lakes,  are  colored  blue,  and  their 
names  are  printed  across  or  near  them.  Each 
division  of  land  has  some  other  color,  and  its 
name  is  printed  on  or  near  it. 

Rivers  are  drawn  in  wavy  black  lines, 
which  get  heavier  toward  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  The  name  of  the  river  is  printed 
alongside. 

Mountain  Ranges  are  indicated  by  a  great 


TEST    EXERCISES    FOR    REVIEW" 

16.  How  does  climate  affect  man  in  comparison  with  its 
effect  on  plants  and  animals?  Why  is  this  the  case?  Into 
what  races  is  mankind  divided?  Describe  the  Negro  race. 
Where  is  its  home?  How  does  it  live?  Describe  and  locate 
the  Mongolian  race.  How  does  it  live?  Describe  the  Cauca- 
sian race.  What  progress  has  it  made?  Where  is  its  home? 
Where  has  it  spread? 

17.  .What  are  the  chief  occupations  of  man?  What  is  agri- 
culture? Name  the  chief  crops.  Tell  what  you  can  of  herding  ; 
of  lumbering  and  mining.  What  is  manufacturing?  Tell  what 
you  can  of  commerce. 

iS.  What  is  government?  What  are  the  chief  kinds  of 
government?  What  is  an  absolute  monarchy?  a  limited 
monarchv?   a  republic? 

19.  How  are  directions  shown  on  a  map?  What  do  merid- 
ians show?  parallels  of  latitude?  How  are  water  surfaces 
shown?  countries?  rivers?  mountains?  cities?  How  should 
you  study  a  map? 


26 


NORTH   AMERICA 


NORTH  AMEIUCA 


i !"  map   of  fi Hi  America, 

i  'ilia 


BO     I eh 


NOR'I  II    AMERICA 

l     ERCISES  ON    THE    MAP 

Location.  —  In  what  continent  is  North  America?    What 

iii'.'  mtnern  pari  ?    In 
what  forth  America?     What  oceans  border  North 

America?     With  what  land   is  it  connected   in   the  south 
east?     By  >ai       1  from  \sia ? 

Extent. —  In  recti  m  i    North  America  longest? 


Where  is  it  widesi  :  With  the  scale  of  miles  measure  its 
length;  its  width  at  the  widest  place.    What  is  its  shape? 

Coast  Forms. — What  large  gulf  is  in  the  southeast? 
Whal  large  bay  is  in  the  north?  What  strait  connects  it 
with  the  Atlantic  Ocean?  What  gulf  is  in  the  extreme 
east?  What  sea  is  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama? 
What  gulf  is  on  the  southwest  coast?  What  sea  is  in  the 
northwest?  What  strait  i  onnei  ts  it  with  the  Arctic  <  ><  ear) J 

What  peninsula  is  south  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence? 


NORTH    AMERICA 


27 


What  peninsulas  are  in  the  southeast?  What  peninsula 
is  on  the  southwest  coast?  Find  some  peninsulas  that  are 
not  named  on  the  map. 

Islands.  —  On  which  side  of  North  America  are  most  of 
the  islands  ?  What  is  the  largest  island  ?  What  bay  and 
strait  are  southwest  of  Greenland?  What  island  is  east  of 
Greenland?  What  island  is  east  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence? What  islands  are  north  and  east  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea?  Name  the  largest  one.  What  is  the  largest  island 
near  the  western  coast  of  North  America? 

Surface.  —  Find  four  mountain  ranges  in  the  western 
part  of  North  America.  What  three  ranges  are  closest  to 
the  Pacific  coast?  What  long  mountain  chain  is  farther 
east?  In  what  direction  do  these  mountains  extend?  What 
mountains  are  near  the  eastern  coast  ?  What  is  their  trend  ? 

Drainage.  —  Where  are  there  lakes  in  North  America  ? 
What  river  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  What  lakes  lie  in 
its  basin?  What  river  flows  into  Hudson  Bay?  Name  a 
lake  drained  by  this  river.  What  river  flows  into  the  lake  ? 
What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  What 
lakes  are  drained  by  this  river?  What  two  rivers  flow  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  Name  four  branches  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Califor- 
nia?  into  the  Pacific  Ocean?   into  Bering  Sea? 

Countries.  —  Where  is  the  Dominion  of  Canada?     What 
country  is  south  of  it  ?     What  region  is  northwest  of  Can-  < 
ada?    What  country  is  south  of  the 
United    States?      What    region    is 
southeast  of  Mexico  ? 

Map  Drawing.  —  Sketch  and  re- 
sketch  an  outline  of  the  mainland 
of  North  America  like  this  figure, 
but  larger,  until  you  can  reproduce 
its  shape  quickly  from  memory. 

DESCRIPTION 

Position  and  Extent.  —  North  America,  the 
grand  division  in  which  we  live,  is  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  Western  Continent.  It  lies 
between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 

It  lies  chiefly  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone, 
but  extends  into  the  Frigid  Zone  in  the  north 
and  into  the  Torrid  Zone  in  the  south. 

Its  width  from  east  to  west  is  so  great  that  it 
takes  four  days  and  nights  of  constant  travel  for 


a  fast  railway  train  to  cross  it.  The  length 
from  north  to  south  is  nearly  twice  the  width. 

Shape  and  Coastline.  —  North  America  is 
wide  at  the  north  and  tapers  nearly  to  a  point 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

The  northern  coast  is  quite  irregular.  Hud- 
son Bay  extends  far  inland;  it  is  connected 
with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  Hudson  Strait. 

The  eastern  coast  is  also  quite  irregular. 
In  the  northeast  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
partly  inclosed  by  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  the  island  of  Newfoundland.  In  the 
southeast  is  the  great  Gulf  of  Mexico,  partly 
inclosed  by  the  two  peninsulas  of  Florida  and 
Yucatan  and  by  the  island  of  Cuba. 

The  western  coast  is  more  regular  than  the 
others,  although  it  is  broken  by  the  Gulf  of 
California  in  the  southwest,  and  there  is  a 
long  peninsula  in  the  northwest  partly  inclos- 
ing Bering  Sea. 

Islands.  —  The  largest  island  on  the  north- 
ern coast  is  Greenland.  Most  of  this  island 
is  covered  all  the  time  with  snow  and  ice 
thousands  of  feet  deep. 

Iceland  also  is  partly  covered  with  snow 
and  ice.  This  island  has  a  famous  volcano 
and  many  hot  springs  and  geysers. 

The  largest  island  on  the  extreme  eastern 
coast  of  North  America  is  Newfoundland. 

But  the  most  noted  islands  of  North 
America  are  the  West  Indies,  lying  mostly 
north  and  east  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.  These 
islands  contain  the  land  in  America  first 
visited  by  Columbus.  On  many  of  them 
palms  and  tropical  plants  grow  all  the  year, 
and  flowers  may  always  be  seen  in  bloom. 

A  part  of  the  west  coast  is  fringed  by  small 
islands.     Can  you  find  them  on  the  map  ? 

The  Western  Highlands  occupy  nearly  one 
third  of  the  width  of  North  America.  They 
form  a  plateau  more  than   a    mile   high   and 


28 


NORTH    AMERICA 


Rocky  Mountains. 


have  three  important  mountain  ranges  travers- 
ing the  plateau  from  northwest  to  southeast. 

The  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the  eastern 
border  of  the  plateau,  form  the  highest  and 
longest  range.  They  extend  nearly  the  whole 
length  of  North  America.  They  are  rough 
and  rugged,  with  many  peaks  nearly  three 
miles  high. 

The  Cascade  Mountains  and  Sierra  Nevada, 
near  the  western  border  of  the  plateau,  as  a 
whole  are  not  so  high  as  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains,  but  some  of  the  peaks  are  a  little  higher. 

Near  tin-  southern  end  of  North  America 
is  the  Sierra  Madre.  This  ranee  is  high  and 
rugged,  with  a  jagged  crest.  Near  it  are  sev- 
eral high,  snow-capped  volcanoes. 

All  of  these  western  mountain  ranges  .ire 
SO  high  that  trees  will  not  grow  on  their 
upper  slopes.  (See  the  picture'  at  the  foot  oi 
this  page.) 

Between  the  three  long  mountain  ranges  on 

.vest,  and   the    Rocky    Mountain  range,   is 

a  broad  highland.     This  is  crossed  by  short 

intain     ranges    and    I  ul     by    dee]),    narrow 
gorgi      - 1     i  anyons. 

The  Eastern  Highlands.  —  The  Appalachian 
Mountain  system  <»  <  upies  the  eastern  pari 
of  North  America,  and  extends  from  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrem  e  nearly  to  th<   Cull  of  Mexico. 


It  consists  of  a  low  plateau  bordered  on  the 
east  by  a  number  of  nearly  parallel  ranges, 
often  with  fertile  valleys  between  the  ranges. 
These  mountains  are  no  higher  than  the  base 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  are  so  low  that 
in  most  places  trees  and  grass  grow  on  their 
slopes  and  summits.  The  Appalachian  ranges 
are  generally  flat-topped,  and  their  slopes  are 
smoother  and  gentler  than  those  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

The  Allegheny  plateaus  lie  directly  west 
of  the  Appalachian  ridges,  and  are  a  part  of 
the  Appalachian  Mountain  system.  They 
form  a  low  table-land  into  which  the  streams 
have  cut  deep  and  narrow  valleys. 


iDinr  i.i   i    Pikes  Peak,  '  "i  m 


RELIEF,    DRAINAGE 


Appalachian  Moun  i ains. 


A  low  plateau,  called  the  Laurentian  High- 
land, lies  between  Hudson  Bay  and  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

Plains.  —  Between  the  Rocky  Mountain 
highland  and  the  Appalachian  highland  is  a 
great  plain  extending  from  the  Arctic  Ocean 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  surface  of  the  plain  is  generally  quite 
smooth.  In  some  parts  it  appears  so  nearly 
level  that  you  can  tell  the  direction  of  its 
slope  only  by  the  flow  of  the  rivers. 

The  rivers  in  the  southern  part  flow  south, 
those  in  the  northern  part  flow  north,  and 
in  the  central  part  the  main  streams  flow  to 
the  east.  Thus  we  know  that  there  are  three 
great  slopes  in  the  central  plain.  The  low- 
swells  or  divides  separating  the  three  are  less 
than  half  as  high  as  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains, and  are  sometimes  called  Heights  of 
Land. 

A  smaller  plain  lying  east  of  the  Appala- 
chian Mountains  is  called  the  Atlantic  Coast 
Plain.  It  slopes  very  gently  toward  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  and  near  the  coast  contains 
many  swamps. 

Drainage.  —  North  .America  contains  seven 
great  rivers,  four  of  which  drain  the  central 
plain. 

The  southern  slope  of  the  central  plain  is 


drained  mainly  by  the  Mississippi  River  and 
its  branches  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  great 
western  branches,  the  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and 
Red  rivers,  flow  from  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
while  the  Ohio  River,  which  forms  the  largest 
eastern  branch,  flows  from  the  Appalachian 
Mountains. 

The  Mississippi  is  the  largest  river  in  North  America, 
and  manv  steamboats  ply  on  its  waters.  Sometimes  in 
spring  the  melting  of  the  snows  on  the  high  Rocky  Moun- 
tains causes  floods  in  the  Mississippi.  The  river  then 
brings  down  a  great  load  of  earth,  and  when  tin-  muddy 
water  spreads  out  over  the  banks  it  does  not  flow  s 
there  as  in  the  main  channel,  and  a  coating  of  the  river 
mud  is  deposited  over  the  plain.  In  this  way  a  flood  plain 
is  formed  in  which  the  soil  is  deep  and  very  fertile. 

The  northern  slope  of  the  central  plain  is 
drained  by  the  Mackenzie  River  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  This  river  is  the  outlet  of  several 
lakes,  the  largest  of  which  are  Great  Bear 
Lake  and  Great  Slave   Lake. 

The  middle  part  of  the  central  plain  is 
drained  by  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  by 
the  Nelson  River,  which  flows  into  Hudson 
Bay. 

The  upper  course  of  the  Nelson  River  is 
rilled  the  Saskatchewan  River.  This  widens 
to  form  Lake  Winnipeg,  of  which  the  Nelson 
River  is  the  outlet. 


30 


NORTH    AMERICA 


The  St.  Lawrence 
River  system  in- 
cludes the  Great 
Lakes  —  Superior, 
Michigan,  Huron, 
Erie,  and  Ontario. 
Lake  Superior  is  the 
largest  bodv  of  fresh 
water  in  America. 

The  rivers  flow- 
ing into  the  Arctic 
Ocean  and  Hud- 
son Bay  are  frozen 
much  of  the  year, 
and  few  people  live 
in  their  basins;  con- 
sequently few  steamboats  float  on  their  waters. 

The  western  side  of  North  America  is 
drained  by  three  large  rivers,  —  the  Yukon 
River,  which  flows  into  Bering  Sea;  the  Co- 
lumbia, which  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean; 
and  the  Colorado,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  California.  These  rivers  all  have  their 
sources  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  highland, 
and  flow  westward.  The  rivers  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  flow  eastward,  and  so  this 
highland  divides  North  America  into  two 
gnat  slopes,  —  a  slope  on  one  side  toward 
the  Pacific  and  on  the  other  side  toward  the 
Arctic  and  Atlantic  means. 

Heat  and  Rainfall.  —  North  America  has 
a  great  variety  of  climate.  The  southern 
part  lies  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  is  always 
hot  and  moist  except  on  the  highlands,  where 
it  is  cooler  and  drier  and  usually  very  pleasant. 
The  northern  part  is  in  the  Frigid  /one, 
and  is  so  cold  that  snow  falls  every  month  in 
the  '. '  ar,  and  the  ground  is  always  frozen  to  a 

■  •     depth. 

The  greater  part  of   North    America  l'es    in 

the    I  emperate  /one,  but  even  in  this  /.one 


Indian  Wigwam. 


there  is  a  great  vari- 
ety of  climate.  Near 
the  Tropic  of  Can- 
cer there  is  little 
difference  between 
summer  and  winter, 
but  near  the  Arctic 
Circle  the  long  win- 
ters are  intensely 
cold,  while  the  short 
summers  are  quite 
warm. 

The  prevailing 
southwest  winds 
give  much  of  the 
Pacific  coast  a  mild 
and  moist  climate;  but  the  interior  is  drier, 
with  cold  winters  and  hot  summers. 

Plants.  —  In  the  north  mosses  and  lichens 
and  a  few  low  shrubs  are  the  only  plants  that 
will  grow  during  the  short  summers. 

In  the  latitude  of  Hudson  Bay  open  forests 
of  spruce,  pine,  and  cedar  trees  cover  almost 
the  entire  country. 

Still  farther  south  the  forests  are  denser, 
but  are  mostly  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
They  contain  pines,  spruces,  and  cedars,  as 
well  as  oak,  chestnut,  maple,  hickory,  ash,  and 
walnut  trees.  West  of  the  Mississippi  the 
climate  is  drier,  and  the  chief  plants  are 
grasses;  but  on  the  mountain  slopes  and  near 
the  Pacific  coast  there  are  extensive  forests. 

In  the  extreme  south  are  dense  forests  of 
palms  and  mahogany,  logwood,  rosewood,  and 
ebony  trees  on  the  lowlands.  On  the  cooler 
and  drier  highlands  the  plants  resemble  those 
growing  on  the  lowlands  farther  north. 

Animals.  —  In  the  north  the  chief  sea  animals 
are  the  whale,  seal,  and  walrus;  and  the  land 
animals  include  the  polar  bear,  the  Arctic  fox, 
the   musk   ox,   the  caribou  or  American    rein- 


CLIMATE,    LIFE 


3i 


deer,  the  moose,  and  the  "  elk,"  as  well  as  many 
small  fur-bearing  animals.  The  polar  bear 
preys  upon  seals,  and  the  musk  ox  feeds  upon 
the  mosses  and  lichens  which  it  digs  up  with 
its  sharp  hoofs  from  under  the  snow.  In  the 
short  Arctic  summer  many  swans,  geese,  ducks, 
and  other  water  fowl  come  to  this  region. 

Deer  and  black  bears  were  once  abun- 
dant in  the  forests  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  vast  herds  of  bison  once  grazed  over 
the  grassy  plains.  Antelopes,  wolves,  and 
prairie  dogs  are  found  in  the  west,  and  big- 
horn sheep,  grizzly  bears,  and  pumas  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain 
highland. 

In  the  southern 
part  of  North  Amer- 
ica, where  it  is  hot, 
alligators  may  be 
seen  lying  in  the  sun 
along  the  streams, 
monkeys  and  snakes 
are  common  in  the  forests,  and  there  are 
many  bright-colored  birds  and  insects. 

People ;  Whites.  —  Most  of  the  present  in- 
habitants of  North  America  belong  to  the 
white  race,  and  are  descendants  of  highly 
civilized  people  who  have  come  here  from 
Europe  during  the  past  four  hundred  years. 

The  white  people  landed  on  the  east  coast 
and  gradually  settled  the  country  westward  to 
the  Pacific,  but  by  far  the  larger  number  live 
in  the  southeastern  half  of  the  grand  division. 

Negroes.  —  Among  the  whites,  chiefly  in  the 
extreme  southeast,  are  many  negroes  whose 
ancestors  were  brought  from  Africa  as  slaves. 

Indians.  —  In  the  northwest  half  are  scat- 
tered tribes  of  American  Indians,  whose  an- 
cestors used  to  roam  over  the  whole  country, 
living  in  skin  or  bark  wigwams  and  using  bows 
and  arrows  and  stone  knives  and  tomahawks. 


a.n  Alligator. 


Partly  civilized  Indians  and  Indian  half-breeds 
live  with  the  whites  in  the  southwest. 

Eskimos.  —  The  few  natives  along  the  bleak 
Arctic  coasts  are  called  Eskimos.  They  make 
their  houses  of  snow  and  ice,  and  live  by 
hunting  and  fishing. 

Chinamen.  —  A  few  Chinese  merchants  and 
laborers  from  eastern  Asia  live  among  the 
whites  near  the  Pacific  coast.  Indians,  Eski- 
mos, and  Chinese  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race. 
Divisions.  —  North  America  is  divided  into: 
The  United  States,  the  country  we  live  in, 
which  contains  three  fourths  of  the  people  in 

the  grand  division 
and  is  one  of  the 
greatest  nations  of 
the  world  ;  Alaska, 
which  belongs  to 
the  United  States; 
The  Dominion-  of 
Canada,  which  em- 
braces the  greater 
part  of  the  grand  division  north  of  the  United 
States;  Danish  America,  which  embraces 
Greenland  and  Iceland ;  Mexico,  which  lies 
south  of  the  United  States;  Central  America, 
southeast  of  Mexico;  and  The  West  Indies,  be- 
tween the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic. 

TEST    EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  North  America?  In  what  zones  is  it?  What 
waters  border  it?     What  is  its  shape? 

Describe  its  coasts,  naming  and  locating  its  principal  gulfs, 
bavs.  peninsulas,  and  islands. 

What  mountains  are  in  the  western  part?  in  the  eastern 
part?  Describe  the  surface  in  the  central  part.  What  other 
plain  is  in  North  America? 

Name  and  tell  "I1.1t  you  can  of  each  of  the  seven  chief  rivers 
of  North  America. 

Describe  the  climate  of  the  northern  part  of  the  grand 
division;    of  the  southern  part;    of  the  central  part. 

What  can  you  tell  of  the  vegetation  of  North  America? 
What  kinds  of  forests  are  found,  and  where? 

What  are  the  principal  animals  of  the  grand  division,  and 
in  what  parts  are  they  found? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  people  of  North  America. 

Name  and  locate  the  various  divisions  of  North  America. 


32 


THE   UNITED   STATES 


THE    UNITED    STATES 

EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Location  and  Coast  Line.  —  In  what  zone  is  the  United 
States  ?  Name  thd  countries  and  bodies  of  water  that  bor- 
der it,  beginning  on  the  north. 

Name  four  bays  on  the  east  coast ;  five  capes.  What 
bay  is  on  the  west  coast?  What  sound  is  in  the  extreme 
northwest  ?  What  capes  and  point  are  on  the  west  coast  ? 
Name  two  bays  and  a  cape  on  the  south  coast. 

Surface". — Which  side  of  the  United  States  is  most 
mountainous?  Name  two  ranges  near  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
What  great  chain  crosses  the  country  west  of  the  center? 
What  range  is  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada  ?  What  basin  is  west  of  the  Wasatch  Moun- 
tains?    What  mountains  are  near  the  Atlantic  coast? 

What  part  of  the  United  States  is  a  great  plain?  In 
what  direction  does  this  plain  slope? 

Drainage.  —  Into  the  arms  of  what  ocean  do  most  of  the 
rivers  of  the  United  States  flow  ?  What  two  large  rivers 
flow  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  or  its  arms?  Trace  the  divide 
between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  slopes.  Which  is  the 
longer?  Name  the  largest  river  of  the  United  States. 
Where  is  its  source?  Into  what  does  it  flow?  Name  three 
western  branches.  Name  the  chief  eastern  branch.  What 
river  is  on  the  southwestern  boundary?  Find  the  Red 
River  that  flows  across  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
United  States.  Into  what  lake  does  it  flow?  Name  five 
great  lakes  on  or  near  the  northern  border.  What  river 
forms  their  outlet?  Name  five  small  rivers  on  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Into  wlui  bays  do  three  of  them  flow?  What  lake 
I  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains?     Has  it  an  outlet? 

Subdivisions.  —  What  subdivisions  border  on  the  Great 
Lakes?  Name  the  six  subdivisions  east  of  New  York. 
What  subdivisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  coast  between 
New  York  and  Florida  ?  What  subdivisions  border  on  the 
Gulfol  Mexico?  What  ones  border  the  Mississippi  River 
on  the  east?  Whit  ones  border  the  Ohio  River?  Whai 
M  i  ii  ippi  River  on  the  west  ?  What  one  i 
are  border  I  by  the  Missouri   River?   by  the 

Arkansas?    What  subdivi  travel  ed  by  the  Rocky 

\\  hat   a  wholly  between    the   Roi  kj 

Mountains   and   the  Sierra  Nevada  and   Cascade  chain? 
A'hat  ones  border  the   Pacifii    Ocean? 

Map   Drawing.       Sketch  md  re- 
d  outline  of  the  I  rnited  Si 
like  tins  figure,  but   larger,  until  you 
can  do  it  qui<  kly  from  memory- 


. 

DESCRIPTION 

Position.  —  The  United  States,  the  country 
in  which  we  live,  lies  in  the  central  part  of 
North  America  and  extends  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  to  the  Great  Lakes. 


THE    UNITED   STATES 


largest   countries 


United  States   is 
in    the    world. 


Its  length 


from  east  to  west  is  about  3000  miles  and  its 
width  is  about  half  this  distance. 

In  addition,  the  United  States  owns  Alaska 
and  some  islands  in  the  West  Indies  and  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 


Coast  Line. — The  eastern  coast  is  quite 
irregular.  At  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Hatteras,  and 
Florida  the  land  projects  out  toward  the 
ocean,  while  Massachusetts  Haw  New  York 
Bay,  Delaware  Bay,  and  Chesapeake  Bay  in- 
dent the  coast  and  contain  good  harbors  at 
which  great  cities  have  grown  up. 


34 


THE   UNITED    STATES 


Grand  Canyon. 


North  of  Cape  Cod  the  coast  is  bold  and 
rocky,  abounding  in  fiords,  with  high,  rocky 
headlands  between.  It  is  fringed  by  many 
small,  rocky  islands. 

South  of  Cape  Cod  the  coast  is  low  and 
marshy.  It  is  bordered  by  long,  sandy  islands, 
separated  from  the  coast  by  shallow  lagoons  of 
salt  water.  The  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
resembles  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  Cape 
Cod. 

The  Pacific  coast  is  so  regular  that  it  has 
few  good  harbors.  Puget  Sound  in  the  north 
and  San  Francisco  Bay  near  the  center  are 
the  most  important. 

Relief.  —  The  Pacific  coast  rises  abruptly 
from  the  sea  into  a  low  chain  of  mountains. 
Back  of  these  mountains  is  a  broad  valley,  to 
the  east  of  which  the  land  again  rises  rapidly 
into  the  great  highland  which  occupies  nearly 
the  whole  western  half  of  the  United  States. 


The  Cascade  Mountains  and  Sierra  Nevada 
form  the  western  border  of  the  great  highland. 
Both  of  these  ranges  have  high  peaks  which 
reach  above  the  clouds  and  are  always  snow- 
capped. Some  of  the  peaks  were  once  volca- 
noes and  some  of  them  still  have  hot  springs 
on  their  sides. 

East  of  these  mountains  is  a  plateau  region 
about  a  mile  high,  traversed  by  short  mountain 
ranges,  strange  cliffs,  and  wonderful  canyons. 
The  eastern  part  of  the  plateau  region  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  are  the 
longest  and  most  rugged  mountains  in  the 
country. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  contain  many  irreg- 
ular ranges,  and  in  a  number  of  places  the 
ranges  nearly  inclose  high,  broad  valleys,  with 
streams  and  clear  lakes,  woods  and  grassy 
lands,  arranged  so  beautifully  that  people  call 
them  Parks.     Many  of  the  mountains  in  the 


•  **». 


Yr* 


mfCt.m^, 


i, 


***w' 


^W^'  >M^W*w 


GR1       I     Pi  AINS. 


V. 


RHLIEF 


35 


great  highlands  contain  rich  deposits  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead. 

East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the 
land  slopes  gradually  eastward  and 
forms  for  some  distance  an  even  pla- 
teau called  the  Great  Plains.  These 
plains  are  covered  with  a  thin  growth 
of  grass  and  form  good  grazing  lands 
for  sheep  and  cattle.  At  one  place  they 
are  broken  by  a  mountain  group  called 
the  Black  Hills. 

The  Atlantic  coast  is  mostlv  a  low- 
land called  the  Atlantic  Coast  Plain. 
This  plain  is  very  narrow  in  the  north, 
but  increases  in 
width  rapidly  to- 
ward the  south. 

The  Appala- 
chian Mountains 
lie  west  of  the 
coast  plain,  and  are 
much  lower  in  the 
central  portions 
than  in  the  north 
and  south,  where 
the  peaks  are  about 
a  mile  high.  The 
Appalachian  ridges 
are    parallel,    with 


■■■BBIB^H 

Hj&yijy 

■ 

■'*■ 

."  .'V 

••**- J 

^Tj 

Petroleum 


Water  Gap. 


Coal  Miners  at  Work. 

even  tops,  while 
the  low  plateau 
to  the  west  is  ren- 
dered rough  and 
broken  by  the  deep 
valleys  of  the 
streams.  Streams 
have  also  cut  deep 
notches,  or  Water 
Gaps,  across  many 
of  the  Appalachian 
ridges.  These  gaps 
are  gateways 
through  the  moun- 
derrick  and  tanks.  tains   not    only  for 

the  rivers,  but  also  for  roads  and  railroads. 

The  Appalachian  region  is  rich  in  coal, 
iron  ore,  petroleum,  and  natural  gas. 

Between  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains  lies  the  great  central 
plain.  It  slopes  gently  on  either  side  toward 
the  Mississippi  River.  It  also  slopes  toward 
the  south.  It  is  not  perfectly  smooth,  but 
contains  low  hills  and  broad  valleys.  Much 
of  it  is  excellent  farming  land.  In  the  north, 
east,  and  south  much  of  the  land  is  covered 
with    forests,    but    in    the    western    part    the 


36 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Hudson  River. 


land  is  treeless,  and  consists  of  open  grassy 
plains  called  Prairies.  Many  of  the  streams 
of  the  prairies,  however,  are  fringed  with 
woodlands. 

Drainage.  —  The  central  plain  of  the  United 
States  is  drained  chiefly  by  the  Mississippi 
River  and  its  branches.  The  Mississippi- 
Missouri —  measured  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  from  there  to  the  source  of  the 
Missouri — is  longer  than  any  other  river  in 
the  world. 

Many  steamboats  are  always  plying  back 
and  forth  on  the  Mississippi,  carrying  the 
products  of  the  North  to  the  South,  and  those 
of  the  South  to  the  North. 

The  whole  region  drained  by  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  its  branches  is  often  called 
the  Mississippi  Valley. 

North  of  the  .Mississippi  valley  is  a  small 
valley  drained  by  the  Red  River  which  flows 
north  into  Lake  Winnipeg.  This  region  was 
once  the  bottom  of  a  large  lake,  and  is  very 
fertile. 

The  northeastern  part  of  the  central  plain 
lies  in  tin-  region  of  the  Greal  Lakes,  one 
of  which  lies  wholly  within  the  United  States. 
The   lakes  form   a   part    of   the  St.    Lawrence 


Columbia  River. 

River  system,   which   is   obstructed  at   many 
places  by  falls  and  rapids. 

Canals,  however,  have  been  made  around  these  ob- 
structions, so  that  one  can  sail  from  the  head  of  Lake 
Superior  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  then  out  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Great  Lakes  form  one  of  the  most 
useful  highways  for  steamboat  travel  and  transportation  of 
goods  in  the  United  States. 

The  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  slope  generally 
rise  in  the  Appalachian  Mountains.  Those  in 
the  north  flow  through  water  gaps.  In  their 
upper  courses  the  streams  flow  rapidly  and 
turn  many  mill  wheels,  but  near  the  ocean 
their  flow  is  sluggish,  and  many  of  them  can 
be  used  for  steamboat  travel.  The  Hudson 
River  is  one  of  the  most  noted  rivers  of  the 
Atlantic  slope. 

The  short  rivers  of  the  Gulf  slope,  east  and 
west  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  are  somewhat 
similar  to  those  of  the  Atlantic  slope. 

On  the  Pacific  coast  most  of  the  streams 
arc  short  and  are  broken  by  falls  and  rapids, 

In  the  north  the  Columbia  rises  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  (lows  through  a  gorge 
in  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It  is  navigable 
both  below  and  above  the  rapids  in  the 
gorge.  Snake  River,  its  chief  branch,  also 
flows  through   a  canyon. 


DRAINAGE,    CLIMATE 


37 


I  II  M   I    I 


The  Colorado  in  the  south 
is  one  of  the  most  remarkable 

rivers  of  the  world.  Its  source 
is  in  the  high  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, but  it  flows  through  a 
very  dry  region.  In  its  mid- 
dle course  the  river  has  cut 
down  its  bed  to  form  a  narrow 
canyon  about  a  mile  deep, 
through  which  the  river  rushes 
in  a  succession  of  rapids  and 
waterfalls. 

The  plateau  between  the 
Wasatch  Mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  south  of 
the  Snake  River,  is  called  the 
Great  Basin. 

Little  ram  falls  in  this  region,  except  on  the  high  moun- 
tain tops.  The  streams,  therefore,  have  their  sources  in 
the  high  mountains,  but  flow  out  into  the  lower  plateau, 
where  their  waters  either  are  lost  in  the  hot  sands  or  flow 
into  lakes  which  have  no  outlets.  None  of  the  streams 
reach  the  sea  ;  hence  the  region  is  called  a  region  of  interior 
drainage.  The  waters  of  most  of  the  lakes  are  so  salt  and 
hitter  that  no  fish  and  few  other  animals  can  live  in  them. 
The  largest  lake  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  which  is  one  of 
the  saltest  bodies  of  water  in  the  world. 

West  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  lies  the  great 
Valley  of  California.  This  is  drained  by  two 
important  rivers  which  flow  into  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay. 

Heat  and  Rainfall.  —  The  United  States  has 
a  great  variety  of  climate.  In  Florida  snow 
and  frost  are  rarely  seen,  and  tropical  plants 
grow  and  flowers  are  in  bloom  out  of  doors 
all  the  time ;  while  in  the  Red  River  valley 
in  the  north,  snow  lies  on  the  ground  for 
half  the  year. 

The  coldest  winters  occur  on  the  Great 
Plains  in  the  extreme  north,  while  the  hottest 
summers  occur  in  the  extreme  southwest,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  River. 


Along  the  Pacific  coast  the 
winds  blow  from  the  southwest 
and  wot,  and,  having  the  same 
heat  as  the  ocean,  they  make 
the  summers  cool,  and  the  win- 
ters warmer  than  they  would 
otherwise  be.  Frost  and  sn<>w 
are  rare  here  on  the  lowlands, 
and  in  some  parts  the  flowers 
bloom  as  in  Florida, 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the 
United  States  the  heat  varii  s 
more  than  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
because  the  winds  sometimes 
blow  from  cold  lands  and  at 
other  times  from  warm  lands 
Scene.  ,,,-  from  waters. 

The  sea  winds  of  the  Pacific  coast  are 
laden  with  moisture,  and  as  the  air  rises  in 
passing  over  the  high  mountains,  the  moisture 
is  dropped  as  rain  or  snow.  Thus  much  of 
this  coast  has  copious  rainfall,  and  plants  can 
"row  in  great  abundance. 

After  passing  over  the  high  mountains, 
the  winds  contain  little  moisture,  and  so  the 
great  plateau  region  receives  little  rainfall 
except  on  high  mountains.  It  is  so  dry. 
or  arid,  that  few  plants  thrive  there.  Some 
parts  of  it  are  so  arid  that  they  are  true 
deserts. 

Just  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  rain- 
fall is  small,  but  farther  east  the  winds  blow 
from  the  south  as  well  as  the  southwest. 
The  winds  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  bring  suf- 
ficient rain  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  United 
States  to  make  it  one  of  the  finest  farming 
regions  in  the  world. 

Thus  we  can  divide  the  United  States  into 
three  belts,  —  the  moist  Pacific  coast  region. 
the  dry  western  highlands,  and  the  moist 
eastern    lowlands. 


38 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


History  and  Government.  —  About  1 30 
years  ago  all  the  land  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  belonged  to  Great  Britain. 

West  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
at  that  time  the  only  people  were  roam- 
ing- tribes  of  Indians;  but  English  set- 
tiers  occupied  the  land  east  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountains.  Here  they  had 
made  thirteen  different  groups  of  settle- 
ments, called  Colonies.  These  stretched 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  Florida. 

These  colonists  rebelled  against  Great 
Britain,  fought  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  became  thirteen  independent  states. 
They  then  united  to  form  the  republic  of  the 
United  States,  but  each  state  continues  to 
govern  itself  in  local  matters. 

The  laws  of  the  United  States  are  made  by  Congress,  a 
body  which  consists  of  men  elected 'from  each  state  ;  and 
these  laws  are  enforced  by  a  President  who  is  elected  every 
four  years  by  men  chosen  for  the  purpose  by  the  people. 

The  state  laws  are  made  by  a  State  Legislature  com- 
!  of  men  elected  from  different  parts  of  the  state  ; 
and  they  are  enforced  by  a  Governor  who  is  elected  by 
the  people  of  the  state. 

The  city  in  which  the  laws  of  a  country  are  made  and  in 
•which  the  chief  government  officers  live  is  called  the  Capital 
of  that  country.  Each  state  of  our  Union  has  a  capital, 
while  Washington  city  is  the  capital  of  the  whole  nation. 

Great  Britain  gave  up  to  the  United  States 
the  land  as  far  west  as  the 
Mississippi  River.  The  un- 
settled land  west  of  the  Ap- 
palachian Mountains  was 
'  ontrolled  by  Congress,  and 
was  called  Public  Land. 
To  it  was  afterwards  added 
all  tin-  land  between  the 
Mississippi  River  and  the 
\'.\>  ific. 

Winn  enough  people  had 


I'm  Capitol,  where  Congress  meets. 


1  IN    Willi  t    I  I'll    IE,    W  ill  RE    1  in     PRi  IIDEN'1 
LIVES, 


settled  in  any  section  of  the  public  land,  that 
part  was  separated  from  the  rest  and  admitted 
into  the  United  States  as  a  new  state.  There 
are  now  46  states  in  the  Union,  and  the  remain- 
ing public  land  consists  of  two  territories,  which 
will  probably  sometime  be  admitted  as  states. 
Besides  these,  there  are  the  territories  of  Alaska 
and  Hawaii,  and  some  other  outlying  posses- 
sions in  the  West  Indies  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Sections.  —  In  the  moist  eastern  lowland  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  the  moist  Pacific 
coast  lowland,  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and 
farming  is  the  most  important  occupation. 

The  dry  western  highlands  are  adapted  to 
mining,  grazing,  and  some  lumbering,  while  the 
lower  and  moister  Appalachians  are  adapted 
to  mining,  lumbering,  and 
some  farming  and  grazing. 
In  the  southern  part  of 
the  eastern  lowlands,  the 
climate  is  moist  and  warm, 
and  cotton  is  the  chief  crop. 
In  the  northern  half,  the 
cooler  climate  is  favorable 
to  raising  food  plants,  such 
as  wheal,  corn,  and  oats. 
The    Pacific  coast  with  its 


HISTORY,    SECTIONS 


39 


even  heat  is  adapted  to  wheat  growing 
and  fruits,  so  it  also  is  a  food-producing 
section.  The  northeastern  part  of  our 
country  is  less  fertile  than  the  interior, 
but  is  near  rich  coal  mines  and  has  good 
water  powers  and  excellent  harbors  ; 
therefore  manufacturing  and  commerce 
are  the  leading  industries  in  that  region. 

Hence  we  may  divide  the  United 
States  into  five  great  sections  as  shown 
on  the  map  (pp.  32,  33):  — 

1.    Northeastern  or  manufacturing  sec- 


tion 
2. 

3- 

4- 
5- 


Northern  or  food-producing  section. 

Southern  or  cotton-growing  section. 

Western  or  grazing  and  mining  section. 

Pacific  or  western  farming  section. 
Cities  and  Towns.  —  The  United  States  con- 
tains many  cities  and  towns,  especially  in  the 
northern  and  northeastern  sections.  These 
cities  and  towns  are  the  centers  of  manufac- 
turing and  commerce,  and  are  usually  located 
at  some  place  that  has  special  advantages  for 
commerce,  as  on  a  navigable  river  or  safe 
harbor,  or  at  some  railroad  crossing,  or  at 
a  place  that  has  some  special  advantages 
for  manufacturing,  as  near  coal  mines,  or  at 
some  water  power.  Nearly  all  the  cities  and 
towns  of  the  country  are  connected  with  one 


.: 


j&0H*.*\j 


~?;** " '    -  Jrmfm 


Picking  Corn; 


Harvesting  and  Thrashing  Wheat, 

another  by  railroad.  The  United  States  con- 
tains about  half  the  length  of  railroad  in  the 
whole  world.  The  railroads  are  much  more 
numerous  in  the  eastern  than  in  the  western 
half  of  the  country. 

TEST    EXERCISES    FOR    REVIEW 

Where  is  the  United  States?  Describe  its  extent  and  size. 
What  outlying  possessions  has  it?  Compare  its  east  coast  with 
its  Gulf  coast  and  Pacific  coast. 

Describe  as  fully  as  possible  the  surface  of  the  western  half 
of  the  United  States.  What  and  where  are  the  Great  Plains? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  in  the  eastern  half  of  the 
United  States?  Describe  the  Atlantic  Coast  plain;  the  Ap- 
palachian Mountains;  the  great  central  plain.  Compare  the 
Appalachians  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  height. 

Tell  all  you  can  of  the  chief  river  system  of  the  United 
States.  What  is  meant  by  the  Mississippi  valley?  Tell  what  you 
can  of  the  system  and  basin  of  the  Red  River;  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence River  and  the  Great  Lakes ;  of  the  short  rivers  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  slopes;  of  the  Columbia  River;  of 
the  Colorado  River.    Describe  the  Great  Basin  region. 

Describe  the  climate  of  the  United  States  as  to  heat  and 
cold  ;  as  to  moisture  and  dryness.  Why  is  the  climate  of 
the  west  coast  more  equable  than  that  of  the  eastern  part 
of  the  country?  Explain  why  the  moist  regions  are  moist 
and  the  dry  regions  dry.  Where  do  the  clouds  which  water 
the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States  get  their  moisture? 

How  did  the  United  States  come  to  be  formed?  De- 
scribe its  form  of  government.  What  is  the  public  land? 
Into  what  is  it  now  divided? 

Why  do  occupations  or  industries  differ  in  different 
parts  of  the  country?  Into  what  five  great  industrial  re- 
gions may  the  country  be  divided?  What  are  the  char- 
acteristic industries  in  each?  In  what  occupations  are 
people  of  towns  and  cities  chiefly  engaged?  Where  are 
cities  usually  located?  Tell  all  you  can  about  the  rail- 
roads of  the  United  States. 


NORTHEASTERN    SECTION 


4i 


THE    NORTHEASTERN    SECTION,   OR 
NEW    ENGLAND 

EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Location  —  Name  the  six  northeastern  states  of  our 
country.     What  state  is  west  of  this  section? 

Coast.  —  Is  the  coast  regular  or  irregular?  Name  two 
bays  and  a  sound  on  the  coast ;  two  capes;  four  islands. 
Which  state  does  each  island  lie  opposite?  The  largest 
of  these  islands  belongs  to  New  York.  Off  the  coast  of 
which  state  are  many  small  islands? 

Surface.  —  What  part  of  this  section  is  mountainous? 
Name  two  mountain  ranges.  In  what  states  does  each  lie? 
To  what  system  do  these  ranges  belong?  Name  and 
locate  two  peaks. 

Drainage.  —  In  what  direction  does  northwest  Vermont 
slope?  How  does  the  rest  of  the  section  slope?  Trace 
the  divide  between  these  slopes.  What  lake  borders  north- 
western Vermont?  In  what  great  river  basin  is  it?  Name 
and  describe  the  largest  river  on  the  Atlantic  slope  ;  four 
others.  Name  and  locate  the  largest  lake  wholly  in  the 
section.     What  is  its  outlet? 

Divisions.  —  Where  is  Maine?  What  rivers  are  on 
its  boundaries?  Name  three  others.  In  what  part  of 
the  state  are  the  cities?  Name  and  locate  the  capifal  ; 
three  other  important  cities. 

Where  is  New  Hampshire?  What  river  is  in  the  cen- 
tral part?  What  mountains  are  in  the  state?  Name 
and  locate  the  capital ;  two  other  important  cities. 

What  state  is  west  of  New  Hampshire?  How  is  it 
separated  from  that  state?  What  mountains  are  in  Ver- 
mont?     Name  and  locate  the  capital;    two  other  cities. 


White  Moun iains. 

Where  is  Massachusetts?  What  river  1  msses  the  state? 
In  what  part  of  the  state  are  there  mountains?  What  two 
islands  belong  to  the  state?  Locate  the  capital;  three 
other  important  cities;  Cambridge;   Lynn. 

Where  is  Rhode  Island?  What  island  belongs  to  this 
state  ?     Name  and  locate  the  capital. 

What  state  is  west  of  Rhode  Island?  What  river 
■crosses  this  state?  Into  what  does  it  flow?  Name  and 
locate  the  capital ;    two  cities  on  the  coast. 


DESCRIPTION 

New  England.  —  The  six  states  in  the  North- 
eastern Section  of  our  country  are  called  the 
New  England  States.  They  are  all  small, 
the  whole  section  being  smaller  than  a  number 
of  sinsde  states  in  the  Union. 

Coast. — The  coast  is  very  irregular,  con- 
taining many  bays.  Along  the  coast  of  Maine 
there  are  numerous  rocky  islands  and  bold 
projecting  headlands. 

Surface.  —  The  surface  is  so  rough  and 
stony  that  there  is  little  land  suitable  for 
farming  except  in  the  river  valleys.  The 
White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire  contain 
Mount  Washington,  which  is  more  than  a 
mile  high  and  is  snow-capped  for  much  of  the 
year.  The  Green  Mountains  in  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts    comprise    several    ranges   and 


42 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


are  beautifully  wooded  with  evergreens.  Be- 
sides these  ranges  there  are  a  number  of 
isolated  peaks  like  Mount  Katahdin  in  Maine. 

Drainage.  —  Most  of  the  surface  slopes 
southward  and  is  drained  to  the  Atlantic  by 
several  important  streams.  Owing  to  the 
broken  surface,  the  streams  have  many  falls 
and  rapids,  which  are  used  for  turning  much 
machinery.  The  Merrimac  turns  more  mill 
wheels  than  any  other  river  in  New  England. 

West  of  the  Green  Mountains  the  land 
slopes  toward  Lake  Champlain,  whose  outlet 
flows  northward  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

In  northern  New  England  are  many  beau- 
tiful lakes.  Maine  especially  has  hundreds, 
abounding  in  trout  and  other  fine  fish. 

Climate.  —  The  winters  are  cold,  stormy,  and 
snowy.  In  the  north  dec]) 
snows  fall  and  often  lie  on  the 
ground  for  five  months,  while 
in  the  south  it  is  somewhat 
milder,  owing  to  the  influence 
of  the  ocean  ;  but  the  ocean 
also  makes  the  summers 
cooler  than  in  many  of  the 
northern  states  farther  inland. 

People.  —  The  northern 
part  is  forest-covered  and 
thinly  settled.  The  southern  part,  however, 
contains  many  cities  and  towns,  and  is  the 
most  thickly  settled  part  of  our  country. 

New    England    was   settled    largely   by    Puritans  from 
ill     They  were    noted   for   their   honesty,  industry, 

and    intelligence.        They    established    : 1    schools     and 

'I  i  ollegi    .  and  to  tins  day  this  section  is  noted  for 
i in   inti  rest  taken  in  education. 

Manufacturing  is   the  chief  industry.      More 

i  Otton     .iiul     \\i"  Jen     goods     and     boots     and 

shoes   are    made   here  than    in    all    the    rest 

of  our  country.     Besides  this,  New  England 

•   noted  for  the  great  variety  of  its  manufac- 


tures. Much  leather  is  tanned  in  Massachu- 
setts, lumber  and  wood  pulp  are  produced  in 
the  north,  ships  are  built  in  some  of  the  coast 
cities,  and  paper,  machinery,  rubber  goods, 
silks,  bicycles,  plated  ware,  knives  and  forks, 
clocks,  watches,  and  jewelry,  guns,  revolvers, 
cartridges,  pins,  needles,  and  buttons  are  made 
in  the  cities  of  southern  New  England. 

Other    Industries.  —  The    soil    and    climate 
not  being  well  suited  to  farming,  the  people 


Lake  Champlain. 


raise  only  a  small  part  of 
the  food  they  use,  though 
good  crops  of  hay,  pota- 
toes, tobacco,  and  vegeta- 
bles are  raised  in  the  river  valleys. 

Lumbering  is  an  important  industry  in  the 
north,  and  in  many  parts  of  the  section 
marble,  granite,  slate,  mica,  and  sandstones 
are  quarried  in  large  quantities. 

The  catching  and  curing  of  codfish  and 
mackerel  employ  many  people  and  a  large 
fleet  of  ships,  especially  from  Massachusetts. 
The  Commerce  of  this  section  is  very  large. 
Food,  coal,  and  raw  materials  are  brought 
to  New  England  and  exchanged  for  manu- 
factured goods.  Southern  New  England  is 
covered  with  a  network  of  railroads  connecting 


NORTHEASTERN    SECTION 


43 


the  cities  and  towns.  A  railroad  tunnel 
four  miles  long  has  been  bored  through 
the  mountains  in  western  Massachusetts 
so  that  food  stuffs  can  more  easily  be 
brought  in  from  the  West,  and  manu- 
factured goods  more  easily  shipped  out. 
Hundreds  of  ships  also  pass  back  and 
forth  along  the  coast  all  the  time. 

Maine  is  largely  covered  with  forests, 
which  afford  lumber  and  much  wood  pulp. 
Good  crops  of  hay  and  potatoes  are  raised. 

In  summer  many  people  visit  this  state 
because  it  is  cool,  and  because  of  the 
good  fishing  and  the  many  places  of  in- 
terest along  the  coast. 

Portland,  the  largest  city,  has  a  fine  harbor. 
Lewiston  has  great  cotton  factories.  Bangor 
is  noted  for  its  lumber  trade. 

New  Hampshire  contains  beautiful  mountain 
scenery  which  attracts  many  summer  visitors. 
The  granite  quarries  are  important,  and  much 
cotton  and  many  shoes  are  manufactured  in 
this  state. 

■Manchester  and  Nashua,  the  largest  cities, 
are  great  centers  of  cotton  manufacture. 

Vermont  is  traversed  by  the  Green  Moun- 
tains, which  afford  much  fine  scenery. 


SCOLLAY   Siv>L  AKi 


Logs  in  Connecticit  River. 


The  state  has  no  seacoast,  but  has  con- 
siderable trade  over  Lake  Champlain. 

The.  chief  occupations  are  dairy  farming, 
lumbering,  and  quarrying  marble,  granite,  and 
slate. 

Burlington  has  a  fine  harbor  and  is  a  great 
lumber  market,  and  Rutland  is  near  the  lar- 
gest marble  quarries  in  the  United  States. 

Massachusetts  has  greater  wealth  and  popu- 
lation than  any  other  state  in  New  England, 
and  in  it  are  manufactured  more  cotton  cloth, 
and  more  boots  and  shoes,  than  in  any  other 
state  in  the  Union.  Woolen  goods,  machin- 
ery, leather,  and  paper  are  other  important 
manufactures. 

Boston,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in 
New  England.  It  contains  many  buildings 
of  historical  interest.  Cambridge  contains 
Harvard  University,  the  first  college  estab- 
lished in  our  country.  Worcester,  Fall  River, 
Lowell,  and  several  other  large  cities  are  noted 
for  their  great  factories,  and  Lynn  is  famous 
for  the  manufacture  of  shoes. 

Rhode  Island  is  the  smallest  but  most 
thickly  settled  state  in  the  Union.  It  is  a 
busy  manufacturing  state. 


44 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Providence,  the  capital,  is  the  second  city 
in  New  England,  and  has  great  woolen,  cot- 
ton, and  jewelry  factories. 

Connecticut  has  a  more  regular  coast  line 
than  the  rest  of   New  England. 

The  manufactures  are  exceedingly  varied, 
as  clocks,  plated  ware,  rubber  shoes,  thread, 
buttons,  bicycles,  pins,  needles,  and  knives. 

New  Haven  is  the  largest  city  and  the  seat 
of  Yale  University.  Hartford  and  Bridge- 
port are  noted  manufacturing  centers. 

TEST   EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  and  what  are  the  New  England  States?  What  is 
said  of  their  size? 

Describe  the  coast  of  the  section ;  the  surface ;  the  drain- 
age of  the  two  main  slopes  ;  the  climate. 

What  is  said  of  the  people  of  New  England?  What  is  the 
chief  industry?     Mention  some  other  industries. 

Describe  each  of  the  New  England  States  and  locate  and 
characterize  the  chief  cities  in  each. 

THE   NORTHERN    SECTION 
EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Location.  —  Make  a  list  of  the  twenty  states  in  this  sec- 
tion. In  what  part  of  the  United  States  is  it?  (See  map 
p.  33.)  Name  four  great  lakes  on  its  northern  border. 
What  three  bays  and  island  are  on  the  east  coast? 

Surface.  —  What  mountain  system  is  in  the  eastern  part  ? 
Name  two  ranges.  What  hills  are  in  the  extreme  west? 
W  hat  mountains  are  in  the  southwest?  What  is  the  char- 
acter of  most  of  the  section  ? 

Drainage.  —  What  great  river  flows  south  through  the 
center  of  the  section  ?  What  large  western  tributary  does 
it  receive?  what  large  eastern  tributary?  What  is  the 
outlet  of  the  Great  Lakes?  In  what  river  basin,  then, 
do  they  lie?  What  river  flows  north  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  section?  What  river  flows  to  New 
York  Bay?  to  Delaware  Bay?  What  three  rivers  flow 
to  Chi    ipeake  Bay? 

Divisions.  —  Name    the    seven   states   crossed    by   the 

Atlantii  (  oasl  plainorthe  Appalachian  Mountains.    These 

are  sometimes  called  the  Middle  States.     Name  the   six 

1  iti    between  the  Middle  States  and  the  Mississippi  River. 

imetimes   called    the    East   Central  States. 

Name  the  seven  states  that  lie  wholly  or  partly  west  of  the 

pi  River.    These  are  sometimes  called  the  West 

xl  States. 


DESCRIPTION 

Location.  —  The  Northern  Section  extends 
westward  from  New  England  and  the  Atlantic 
( )cean  nearly  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
from  the  Great  Lakes  southward  to  the  mouth 
of  Chesapeake  Hay  and  the  Ozark  Mountains. 
It  is  the  great  food-producing  section  of  the 
country. 

Coast.  —  The  low,  sandy  coast  is  visited 
each  summer  by  thousands  of  people,  who 
1  <Hiie  to  enjoy  the  cool  sea  air  and  the  fine 


NORTHERN    SECTION 


45 


bathing.  It  is  deeply  indented  by  three  im- 
portant bays  which  contain  some  of  the  best 
harbors  in  the  country. 

Surface.  —  The  surface  near  the  coast  is 
low,  level,  and  sandy,  rising  gradually  into  a 
foothill  region,  and  then  into  the  parallel 
Appalachian  ridges.  Several  ridges  lie  be- 
tween the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Allegheny 
range,  and  are  separated  by  broad,  fertile 
valleys.  West  of  the  ridges  is  the  Allegheny 
plateau  region,  which  is  made  rough  and 
broken    by    its    many   deep,    narrow   valleys. 


The  isolated  groups  of  the  Adirondacks  and 
the  Catskills  lie  on  the  plateau  in  the  north, 
and  are  much  visited  by  tourists.  Peaks  of  the 
Adirondacks  and  the  Blue  Ridge  are  over 
a  mile  high,  but  the  plateau  and  most  of  the 
Appalachian  ridges  are  less  than  half  as  high. 
From  the  Allegheny  plateaus  the  surface 
slopes  gradually  down  to  the  Great  Lakes 
and  the  Mississippi  River;  then  it  gradually 
slopes  up  again  to  the  Great  Plains  on  the 
western  border  of  the  section,  where  it  is 
about  as  high  as  the  Allegheny  plateaus. 


46 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Niagara  Falls. 


The  central  plain  in  this  section  has  a 
remarkably  fertile  soil  and  a  smooth  surface. 
It  is  broken  only  by  gentle  swells,  and  low 
bluffs  along  the  streams ;  and  by  the  Ozark 
Mountains  and  the    Black  Hills. 

Drainage.  —  West  of  the  Appalachian 
Mountains,  most  of  the  section  is  drained  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Mississippi  and  its 
branches.  These  rivers  furnish  many  miles 
of  navigable  water,  and  many  fine  water 
powers. 

Many  of  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  slope 
rise  on  the  west  side  of  the  Appalachian 
ridges  and  flow  through  water  gaps.  These 
low  gaps  afford  natural  gateways  of  travel 
through  the  mountains.  The  chief  rivers  of 
this  slope  flow  into  deep  bays  which  really 
form    the   lower  courses  of  the  streams. 

The  northern  part  of  the  section  slopes 
mostly  toward  the  Great  Lakes;  but  a  small 
region  in  the  northwest  is  drained  by  Red 
River,  and  is  in  the  basin  of  the  Nelson  River 
oi  I  anada. 

The  northern  part  of  the  section  contains 
thousands  of  small  lakes,  but  its  streams  arc 
small  and  unimportant  The  Great  bakes, 
however,  form  very  important  trade   routes. 


Navigation  is  hindered  between  Lakes  Superior  and 
Huron  by  the  "  Sault,"  or  rapids,  in  the  St.  Marys  River, 
and  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  by  the  famous  cataract, 
Niagara  Falls.  Canals,  however,  have  been  made  around 
both  of  these  obstacles. 

Climate.  —  The  winters  in  the  section  are 
cold,  and  snow  lies  on  the  ground  for  much 
of  that  season.  The  summers,  however,  are 
hot,  with  enough  rain  for  grain,  hay,  vegetables, 
and  fruits,  except  in  the  extreme  west,  where 
crops  sometimes  fail  because  of  drought. 

Vegetation.  —  In  the  north  are  extensive 
pine  forests  which  supply  valuable  lumber. 

The  Appalachian  region  and  much  of  the 
southern    part    of    the    section    are    covered 


Corn  Kif.i.o. 


with  forests  of  oak,  hickory,  ash,  and  poplar, 
which  yield  timber  for  wagons,  cars,  agricultu- 
ral machinery,  and  furniture.  Much,  of  the 
Ohio  valley,  however,  and  most  of  the  region 
west  of  the  Missouri,  is  a  grassy  prairie,  on 
which  few  trees  grow  except  along  the  streams. 
People.  —  More  than  half  the  people  in  the 
United  States  live  in  this  section.  The  At- 
lantic Coast  plain,  especially  toward  the  north, 
is  about  as  thickly  settled  as  southern  New 
England.  West  of  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains the  section  is  less  thickly  settled.     Many 


NORTHERN    SECTION 


47 


emigrants  from  Eu- 
rope come  to  this 
country  every  year, 
and  most  of  them 
settle  in  this  section. 

Food  Products.  — 
Farming  is  the  chief 
industry  of  the  sec- 
tion, and  wheat  and 
corn  are  the  most 
important  crops.  The 
northern  part  is  best 
adapted  for  wheat, 
while  the  central 
and  southern  part  is  best  adapted  for  corn. 

Other  food  crops,  such  as  rye,  oats,  hay, 
potatoes,  vegetables,  and  fruit,  are  raised  in 
abundance,  as  well  as  great  quantities  of  to- 
bacco, which  is  produced  especially  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  section. 

The  animal  food  produced  is  scarcely  less 
important  than  the  plant  food.  Vast  numbers 
of  cattle  and  hogs  are  raised  in  the  corn 
region,  and  on  the  grassy  plains  in  the  west 
great  droves  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  herded. 
The  oyster  fisheries  on  the  eastern  coast  are 
among  the  richest  in  the  world. 

Mineral  Industries.  —  Most  of  the  coal  and 
iron  ore  mined  in  the  United  States  comes 
from  this  section.  The  richest  iron-ore  beds 
in  the  world  are  west  and  south  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, in  which  region  wonderfully  rich  mines 
of  copper  are  also  worked.  The  richest  coal 
mines  are  in  the  Appalachian  region,  which 
also  supplies  more  petroleum,  or  rock  oil,  than 
any  other  region  in  America.  Most  of  our 
salt  also  comes  from  this  section. 

Manufacturing  is  another  very  important 
industry,  especially  in  the  northeast.  Near 
the  great  coal  fields,  more  iron  and  steel 
are  made  than   in  any   other  country  in  the 


Copper  Mine,  Michigan. 


world.  The  product 
is  rolled  into  rails, 
beams,  and  plates  and 
made  into  ships, 
engines,  and  machin- 
ery. From  the  petro- 
leum is  made  the 
kerosene,  or  coal  oil, 
which  is  used  in  al- 
most every  country 
on  earth.  In  the  east, 
near  the  fine  harbors 
of  the  coast,  many 
things  are  manufac- 
tured from  raw  materials  that  are  brought 
by  sea:  cotton  and  woolen  cloth,  carpets,  silk, 
refined  sugar,  rubber  goods,  etc. 

In  the  west,  near  the  forests  and  near  the 
great  grain  and  stock  region,  the  chief  manufac- 
tured articles  are  furniture  and  other  wooden 
articles,  flour,  liquors,  cured  and  packed 
meats,  butter,  cheese,  and  leather. 

In  all  the  large  cities  great  quantities  of 
clothing  and  tobacco  are  manufactured. 

Commerce.  —  The  great  population  and  nu- 
merous productions  give  rise  to  very  extensive 
commerce. 


Silk  Mill,  Paterson,  New  Jersey. 


48 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Most  of  the  freight  is  carried  over  rail- 
roads, which  cover  the  section  like  a  network. 
Considerable  heavy  freight  is  carried  by  the 
lakes  and  rivers,  and  by  the  canals  which 
have  been  dug  to  connect  them.  The  most 
famous  of  these  is  the  Erie  Canal,  which 
connects  Lake  Erie 
with  the  Hudson  River. 

Great  quantities  of 
wheat,  flour,  meat,  kero- 
sene, and  other  manu- 
factures are  shipped 
across  the  ocean  from 
the  harbors  on  the  east 
coast. 


name?     What  other  city  is  on  the  bay?    Locate  the  city 
of  Washington. 

Where  is  Virginia?  What  bay  is  in  the  east?  Describe 
the  surface.  Name  two  rivers  in  the  state.  Name  and 
locate  the  capital.     Where  is  Norfolk? 

Where  is  West  Virginia?  What  rivers  form  its  west 
boundary?      Describe  its  surface.      Name  a  river  in  the 

state.      Name  and  locate  the 
capital ;  a  city  in  the  north. 

New   York 


of  New  England. 


Steel  Works,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


ies  west 
It  is 
often  called  the  "  Em- 
pire State  "  because  it 
surpasses  every  other 
state  in  population, 
wealth,  manufactures, 
and  commerce. 

Though  manufactur- 
ing and  commerce  are  the  chief  occupations, 
farming  also  is  important,  hay,  butter,  cheese, 
hops,  and  potatoes  being  the  chief  products. 

Neiv  York  city  lies  on  several  islands  and 
the  mainland  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson. 
It  is  the  largest  city  and  greatest  seaport  in 
America,  as  well  as  the  greatest  manufactur- 
ing  city.       Among    its    many    manufactures, 


Wesi  Washington  Market,  New  York  City. 

The  Middle  States  (see  map  p.  45).  —  What  threi 
lak'-^  border  New  York?  What  island  belongs  to  it? 
What  two  mountain  groups  are  in  the  State?  What  river 
is  in  the  eastern  part?  What  branch  has  the  Hudson? 
Name  and  locate  the  capital  ;  a  city  in  the  southeast ; 
other  cities. 
Where  is  New  Jersey?     What  river  borders   it   on   lli 

loi  lie  the  1  apital  ;  another  city. 
Whi  '     nia?     Di    cribe  its  surface.     Name 

two  rivers  in  the  state.    Name  and  1cm  at'   the  1  ipital  ;  two 
east;  two  in  the  west.     Where  is  Reading? 
Where    is    Delaware?       Name  and  locate    the    (ipital; 
another  city. 

Where  is  Maryland  ?    What  river  separates  it  from  Vir- 

Whal   baj    is  partly  in   the    itate?     I  (escribe  the 

surface.     The  capital  is  on  Chesapeake  Bay.     What  is  its 


Pottery,  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

clothing  and  refined  sugar  are  noted.  Buffalo, 
at  the  western  end  of  the  Erie  Canal,  ships 
large  quantities  of  grain,  coal,  and  lumber. 
Rochester  has  great  flour  mills  and  shoe  fac- 


NORTHERN    SECTION 


49 


torics.    Syracuse  has  rich  salt  springs.    Albany 
is  the  capital. 

New  Jersey  lies  mainly  in  the  low,  level 
.Atlantic  Coast  plain,  and  its  soil  is  adapted 
to  growing  garden  vegetables  and  fruits. 

Silks,  thread,  rubber  goods,  pottery,  kero- 
sene, and  jewelry  are  extensively  manufactured. 

Newark  makes  leather  goods,  thread,  and 
jewelry.  Jersey  City  (map  p.  40)  has  slaughter- 
houses and  machine  shops.  Paterson  manu- 
factures silks.  Camden  makes  oilcloths  and 
woolens.      Trenton  makes  pottery. 

Pennsylvania  is  traversed  by  the  Appalachian 
ridges,  within  which  are  the  richest  anthracite 
coal  fields  of  the  world.  West  of  the  mountains 
are  great  deposits  of  bituminous  coal,  petro- 
leum, and  natural  gas. 

On  account  of  its  great  coal  supply  and  the 
cheapness  with  which  the  fine  iron  ore  from 
Lake  Superior  can  be  brought  into  the  state, 
Pennsylvania  surpasses  every  other  state  in 
the  production  of  iron  and  steel. 

The  lowlands  and  mountain  valleys  pro- 
duce the  important  crops  and  dairy  products 
for  which  the  state  is  noted. 

Philadelphia,  the  third  city  in  the  Union  in 
population,  is  one  of  the  leading  cities  in 
manufactures.  It  is  especially 
noted  for  the  making  of  wool- 
ens and  cottons,  carpets,  and 
locomotives.  Pittsburg  and 
Allegheny  are  very  important 
centers  of  iron,  steel,  and 
glass  making.  Sc  rant  on  is  a 
center  of  the  anthracite  coal 
region.     Reading  is  in  a  farm- 


Delaware,  one  of  the  small- 
est states  in  our  country,  lies 
entirely  in  the  coast  plain. 

In  it  fruits,  sweet  potatoes, 


Natural  Bridge,  Virginia. 


Baltimore. 

and  garden  vegetables  are  extensively  raised, 
and  steel  ships,  cars,  leather,  gunpowder,  and 
paper  are  manufactured. 

Wilmington,  the  largest  city,  contains  nearly 
half  the  population  of  the  state. 

Maryland  is  separated  into  two  parts  by 
Chesapeake  Bay,  which  contains  the  greatest 
oyster  fisheries  in  our  country. 

The  lowlands  produce  valuable  food  crops 
and  much  fine  tobacco.  In  the  west  the 
mountains  contain  valuable  coal  mines. 

The  manufacture  of  tobacco  and  the  can- 
ning of  oysters,  fruits,  and  vegetables  are 
important  industries. 

Baltimore,  noted  for  its  manufactures,  is 
a  great  food-shipping  and  canning  center. 

The  District  of  Columbia  was 
given  by  Maryland  to  the 
United  States  as  a  site  for  the 
national  capital,  the  city  of 
Washington.  This  is  the  most 
beautiful  city  in  the  Union. 

Virginia  contains  coal  and 
iron  mines  in  the  west,  and  is 
traversed,  west  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  by  the  Great  Valley, 
which  is  broad  and  fertile.  In 
this  region  are  the  noted  Natu- 
ral Bridge  and  the  beautiful 
Luray  caverns. 


5o 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Tobacco  is  the 
most  noted  crop  of 
the  state,  but  grain, 
peanuts,  and  early 
vegetables  are  also 
important  crops. 

Richmond,  the  cap- 
ital and  largest  city, 
lias  many  tobacco  fac- 
tories. Norfolk  has 
a  fine  harbor. 

West  Virginia  is 
very     rousfh     in     the 

J  O 

east,  but  has  a  more  even  surface  in  the  west 
The  mountains  are  rich  in  coal,  petroleum, 

and  timber.  The  west  is  adapted  to  farming. 
Wheeling  is  noted  for  iron,  glass,  and  steel 

making. 


East  Central  States  (see  map  p.  45).  Where  is  Ohio? 
What  waters  are  on  its  boundaries?  Describe  its  surface. 
Describe  two  rivers  in  the  state.  Name  and  locate  the 
capital;  two  cities  in  the  north;  two  in  the  southwest. 

Where  is  Indiana?  What  waters  are  on  its  bound- 
aries? Describe  the  Wabash  River.  Name  and  locate 
the  capital  ;  a  city  in  the  northeast ;  one  in  the  southwest. 

Where  is  Illinois?  What  waters  are  on  its  boundaries? 
ube  three  rivers  in  the  state.  Name  and  locate  the 
capital ;  three  other  cities. 

Where  is  Kentucky?  What  waters  border  it?  What 
four  rivers  join  the  Ohio  in  the  state  ?  I  (escribe  the  surface. 
Xiuii-  and  locate  the  capital.     Where  is  Louisville? 

Where  is  Michigan?  What  five  lakes  and  two  bays  bor- 
der 11  ?  What  rivers  and  strait  connect  these  lakes?  What 
!'  in  the  slate?  What  range  is  in  the  extreme 
north?     Name  and  locate  the  capital  ;  three  other  cities. 

Where  is  Wisconsin?     What  two  lakes  and  threi   rivers 

are  on  its  boundarii    J    Name  two  rivers  in  the  state.     Name 

locate  the  1  tpital  ,  a  1  ity  al  the  head  of  Lake  Superior. 

Ohio  is  generally  hilly  in  the  east  and  south, 
Imt  more  even  in  the  north  and  west. 

I  In-  rich  low  lands  of  the  stati   produce  large 
4  wheat,  corn,  tobacco,  and  fruit.    Much 
wo  omes  1 101 1 1  this  state. 


There  are  rich  coal 
fields  in  the  east,  and 
petroleum     and     gas 
wells  in  the  west,  and 
Ohio    is    one    of    the 
leading   states   in  the 
manufacture    of    iron 
and   farm   machinery. 
Cleveland,   the    lar- 
gest city,  is  an  impor- 
tant    lake     port,    and 
has    great     iron     fur- 
naces   and    oil    refin- 
the    second    city,    makes 
Toledo  is 


Tobacco  Factory,  Richmond. 

eries.      Cincinnati 
licpiors,  clothing,    and    machinery 
a  lake  port.      Columbus,  the  capital,  and  Day- 
ton are  manufacturing  cities. 

Indiana  lies  in  the  great  corn  belt,  and  raises 
many  hogs.  Natural  gas  in  the  east,  timber 
in  the  north,  and  the  coal  fields  in  the  south- 
west make  this  state  important  in  manufac- 
tures of  many  kinds. 

Indianapolis  is  a  great  railroad  center. 
Evansville  and  Fort  Wayne  are  important 
cities. 

Illinois  is  often  called  the  "  Prairie  State." 
It  is  the  third  state  in  the  Union  in  popula- 
tion, and  is  one  of  the 
farm  products  and  meats. 


leading    states    in 
Coal  mining,  man- 


Oil.     lANks,    OliHJ. 


NORTIIKKN    SECTION 


5i 


ufacturing,   and   meat    packing  are   very    im 
portant  industries. 

Chicago  is  the  largest  city  in  .America  ex- 
cept New  York.  It  is  the 
greatest  railway  center  in 
the  world,  as  well  as  the 
greatest  market  for  meat 
and  grain.  Peoria  and 
Quiiicv  also  are  important 
cities.  Springfield  is  in 
the  coal  region. 


Blue  Grass  Stock  Farm. 


Locks  of  the  "  Soo ' 

(  'ANAL. 


Chicago  Stock  Yards. 

Kentucky  contains  coal 
and  iron  mines  and  fine 
hard-wood  forests.  The 
central  Blue  Grass  region 
is  famous  for  its  hue 
horses. 

Nearly  half  the  tobacco 
of  the   United  States  is  raised  in  this  state. 

Louisville  is  a  great  tobacco  market  and 
manufacturing  center. 

Michigan  is  divided  into  two  peninsulas  by 
Lake  Michigan.  The  northern  peninsula 
yields  a  large  part  of  the  iron  ore  and  copper 
produced  in  the  United  States.  The  south- 
ern peninsula  yields  pine  timber,  salt,  and 
wool,  besides  farm  products. 


The  "  Soo  "  Canal,  which  extends  past  the 
rapids  in  the  St.  Marys  River,  is  used  by 
many  ships  carrying  iron  ore,  wheat,  and 
other  freight. 

Detroit  is  well  situated 
for  trade  and  manufacture. 
Grand  Rapids  has  many 
furniture  factories.  Sagi- 
naw is  a  lumber-producing 
center. 

Wisconsin.  —  The  south- 
ern part  of  Wisconsin  lies 
in   the   prairie   region,  but 
there  are  heavy  pine  forests  in  the  north. 

Many  of  the  farmers  are  thrifty  Germans 
and  Scandinavians.  Iron  mining  and  lumber- 
ing are  the  chief  pursuits  in  the  north. 

Milwaukee  ships  grain  and  lumber,  and 
manufactures  beer,  brick,  and  machinery. 
Superior  is  an   important  lake  port. 

West  Central  States  (see  map  p.  44).  —  Where  is 
Minnesota?  What  waters  border  it?  What  great  river 
has  its  source  in  the  state?  In 
what  small  lake  does  it  rise?  What 
other  river  is  in  the  state  ?  What 
other  lakes  are  in  the  state?  Name 
and  locate  the  capital.  Locate 
Minneapolis;  Duluth. 

Where  is  Iowa?      What   waters 


Logs  in  a  Wisconsin  River. 

are  on  its  borders?     What  rivers  cross  the  state?     Name 
and  locate  the  capital  ;   three  other  cities. 


52 


THE   UNITED   STATES 


Flour  Mill,  Minneapolis. 

Where  is  Missouri?  Describe  the  surface.  What  rivers 
are  on  its  borders?  What  ones  traverse  the  state?  Name 
and  locate  the  capital ;  a  city  in  the  east ;  two  in  the 
northwest. 

Where  is  Kansas?  What  river  is  on  its  border ?  What 
rivers  traverse  the  state?  Name  and  locate  the  capital. 
Where  is  Kansas  City? 

Where  is  Nebraska?  What  river  is  on  its  border? 
What  rivers  traverse  the  state?  Name  and  locate  the  capi- 
tal.    Locate  Omaha. 

Where  is  South  Dakota?  Describe  its  surface.  What 
rivers  are  on  its  borders?  What  rivers  traverse  the  state? 
Name  and  locate  the  capital ;  a  city  in  the  east. 

Where  is  North  Dakota?  What  river  is  on  its  border? 
What  rivers  traverse  the  state?  Name  and  locate  the 
capital.     Where  is  Fargo  ? 

Minnesota  is  drained  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  Hudson 
Bay. 

White  pine  forests  cover  the  northeast. 
The  west  and  south  are  fertile  prairie  land. 

This  is  a  leading 
State  in  wheat  grow- 
ing, and  ranks  first  in 
grinding  Hour.  Lum- 
bering and  the  mining 
of  iron  ore  are  also 
important. 

Minneapolis  has  the 
greatest  flour  mills  in 
the  world.  The  mills 
are    largely     run     by 


Bads  Bridge.  St.  loi  is. 


Salt  Mine,  Kansas. 

water  power  furnished  by  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony.  St.  Paul  is  a  great  commercial 
city.     Duluth  is  an  important  lake  port. 

Iowa  is  a  level  prairie  and  produces  much 
corn,  oats,  and  hay,  and  more  hogs  than  any 
other  state.  Many  cattle  and  horses  are 
raised.     Much  coal  is  mined. 

Des  Moines  is  in  the  coal  region.  Du- 
buque  has  lumber  mills.  Davenport  is  a 
center  of  trade  and  manufacture.  Sioux  City 
packs  much  meat. 

Missouri,  in  the  north,  resembles  Iowa.  The 
southern  part  forms  the  Ozark  plateau,  and 
contains  hard-wood  forests  and  deposits  of 
zinc  and  lead.  The  chief  products  in  the  south 
are  fruit,  wool,  and  lumber.  Coal  is  mined  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  state. 

St.  Louis,  the  largest  city  in  the  Mississippi 
basin,  has  a  great  railroad  and  river  trade,  and 

manufactures  tobacco, 
beer,  and  machinery. 
Kansas  City  and  St. 
Joseph  are  important 
commercial  cities  in 
the  west. 

Kansas.  —  The  east 

is    a    fertile     prairie. 

The   Great   Plains   in 

the  west  are  dry  and 

adapted  to  grazing. 


NORTHERN    SECTION 


53 


I 


Wheat  Harvesting,  North  Dakota. 


This  state  ranks  high  in  corn  and  wheat 
growing  and  stock  raising.  Coal,  zinc,  lead, 
and  salt  are  mined. 

Kansas  City  is  noted  for  meat  packing. 
Topeka  has  great  flour  mills. 

Nebraska  resembles  Kansas  in  its  relief 
and  industries. 

Omaha  is  a  trade  and  manufacturing  center. 
Lincoln  is  an  active  trade  center. 

South  Dakota.  —  In  the  east  are  low  hills 
of  gravel  and  sand,  and  in  the  west  the  sum- 
mits of  the  Black  Hills  rise  to  a  height  of 
one  and  a  half  miles. 

Wheat  and  flaxseed  are  the  chief  farm  prod- 
ucts. Gold  and  silver  are  mined  in  the  Black 
Hills.     There  are  stock  ranches  in  the  west. 

Sioux  Falls  has  fine  water  power. 


North  Dakota  is  diversified  in  the  eastern 
half  by  low  gravel  hills;  but  the  valley  of 
the  Red  River  is  very  smooth  and  even  and 
contains  laro-e  wheat  farms. 


Fargo  is  a  railroad  center. 


TEST    EXERCISES    FOR    REVIEW 

Where  is  the  Northern  Section?  What  states  does  it  in- 
clude? Why  are  they  grouped  together?  Describe  the  coast. 
Describe  the  surface.  What  is  its  character  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  the  section?  What  river  system  drains  most 
of  the  section?  What  two  great  river  systems  drain  the  north- 
ern part?  Tell  what  you  can  of  the  streams  on  the  Atlantic 
slope;    of  the  lakes  of  the  section.     Describe  the  climate. 

Describe  the  vegetation  of  the  section.  Tell  what  you  can 
of  the  inhabitants.  Name  the  chief  industry  and  its  most  im- 
portant products  ;  other  important  agricultural  products.  Men- 
tion the  chief  mineral  industries.  What  is  said  of  the  chief 
manufactures?  of  commerce? 

Describe  each  of  the  Middle  States,  and  locate  and  charac- 
terize the  chief  cities  in  each.  Do  the  same  for  each  of  the  East 
Central  States  :  for  each  of  the  West  Central  States. 


1        .tti  ftJr^-i^ri  -  iiriBfrTT^j 

Car  Shops,  Omaha. 


Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 


54 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


THE    SOUTHERN    SECTION 
EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Location.  —  In  what  part  of  the  United  States  is  this 

on?     (See   map  p.  33.)      Make  a   list   of  its  eleven 

subdivisions.      What   great    bodies    of   water    border   it? 

What  two  sounds  are  on  the  east  coast  ?     What  four  bays 

and  what  lake  are  on  the  Gulf  coast? 

Surface. — What  mountain  system  is  in  the  eastern 
part  of  this  section  ?  Name  two  of  its  ridges.  What 
mountains  are  in  the  extreme  west?  To  what  system 
do  they  belong?  What  mountains  enter  the  north  cen- 
tral part  cf  the  section? 

Drainage.  —  What  great  river  traverses  the  central  part 
of  this  section?  What  are  its  chief  branches?  Trace 
through  the  section  the  divide  of  its  basin.  What  river  is 
on  the  southwest  border  of  the  section  ?  Name  five  rivers 
between  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Mississippi.  Name  four 
rivers  flowing  to  the  Gulf  east  of  the  Mississippi ;  five 
flowing  to  the  Atlantic.  What  two  rivers  of  the  section 
belong  to  the  Ohio  basin  ?  What  part  of  the  section 
contains  many  lakes  and  much  swamp  land? 

Divisions.  —  Where  is  North  Carolina?  Describe  its 
surface.  In  what  river  basin  is  the  western  part?  Describe 
four  rivers  east  of  Blue  Ridge.  Name  and  locate  the 
capital ;  three  other  cities. 

Where  is  South  Carolina  ?  What  waters  are  on  its 
borders  ?  What  rivers  cross  the  state  ?  Name  and  locate 
the  capital ;  the  chief  seaport. 

Where  is  Georgia?  What  waters  are  on  its  borders? 
I  rivers  flow  through  the  state?  Name  and  locate  the 
capital ;  three  other  cities. 

Where  is  Florida?  What  waters  border  the  state? 
What  islands,  or  keys,  are  at  the  south?  What  river  in 
the  state  flows  to  the  Atlantic?  What  two  rivers  flow  to 
the  Gulf?  Name  and  locate  the  capital;  another  city 
in  the  north;  three  Gulf  ports. 

Where  is  Alabama?  Whal  bay  is  in  the  south?  What 
I  1  thi  bay?  What  river  is  in  the  north ?  Name 
and  loi  '1  ;  two  other  cities. 

Wi  1    iissippi?     What  waters  are  on  its  borders ? 

ersi  the  state?  Name  and  locate  the  cap- 
two  other  1  ities. 

Whei     1    Tei   1  Describe  its  surface.     Describe 

win'  h  cro  I  tate.  Name  and  loi  ate  the 
<  apil  ither  citi 

Wi  ■  luisiana?     Describe  its  coast.     Whal  rivers 

through  the  state?  Name  and  locate  the  capital; 
m  the  Missi  isippi. 


Where  is  Arkansas?  What  rivers  are  on  its  borders? 
Describe  the  surface.  What  rivers  truss  the  state?  Name 
and  locate  the  capital. 

Where  is  Texas?  What  waters  are  on  its  borders? 
Describe  its  surface.  Whal  rivers  traverse  it?  Compare 
it  in  size  with  other  static  of  the  Union  (see  map  p.  33). 
Name  and  locate  the  capital;  three  cities  in  the  south. 
Where  is  Dallas? 

Where  is  ( )klahoma?  What  rivers  cross  the  stale?  What 
rivei  in  the  south?  Name  and  locate  the  capital  of  Okla- 
homa. 

DESCRIPTION 

Location.  —  The  Southern  Section  extends 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  from  the  Ozark  Moun- 


SOUTHERN    SECTION 


55 


tains  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  not  so  large 
as  the  Northern  Section,  and  contains  less 
than  half  as  many  people. 

Coast.  —  The  coast  is  low  and  swampy  and 
is  bordered  by  barrier  beaches,  separated  from 
the  mainland  by  salt-water  lagoons. 

Surface.  —  The  greater  part  of  the  surface 
is  a  plain  sloping  gently  to  the  south  and 
southeast.  In  the  northeast  the  plain  is 
broken  by  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  which 
here  attain  their  greatest  elevation.  Mount 
Mitchell,  in  North  Carolina,  the  highest 
peak,  is  more  than  a  mile  high.  West  of 
the  Mississippi,  in  the  north   are  spurs  of  the 


Ozark  Mountains,  and  in  the  extreme  west 
are   ranges  of   the   Rocky   Mountains. 

Drainage. — This  section  lies  in  the  Gulf 
slope  and  the  Atlantic  slope. 

By  far  the  largest  and  most  important  stream 
is  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  Mississippi  flows  through  a  low  bottom  land  or 
flood  plain  about  seventy  miles  wide,  crossing  the  entire 
section  from  north  to  south.  This  flood  plain  is  com- 
posed of  fine  rock  waste  brought  down  by  the  river  and 
deposited  here  in  times  of  flood,  and  is  very  fertile.  It  is 
so  low  that  it  would  be  flooded  every  year  by  the  high  waters 
of  the  river  were  it  not  for  levees  or  embankments  that  have 
been  built  on  the  river  banks  to  keep  the  high  waters 
within  the  channel.     The  water,  however,  sometimes  breaks 


56 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


through  the  levees  and  rapidly  floods  the  sur- 
rounding plantations,  drowning  stock  and  de- 
stroying property.  The  break  in  a  levee  is 
called  a  Crevasse. 

The  Mississippi  River  carries  large  quanti- 
ties of  fine  mud  along  with  it,  and  where  it 
flows  into  the  quiet  waters  of  the.  Gulf  of 
Mexico  the  mud  is  dropped,  forming  a  delta 
(see  picture  p.  17).  This  constantly  grows 
larger  and  farther  out  into  the  Gulf. 

After  the  Mississippi,  the  largest 
stream  of  the  Gulf  slope  is  the  Rio 


LAKK    POMCHARTRAIN. 


A  Turpentine  Distillery,  Georgia. 

Grande,  but  the  Tennessee,  Apalachicola, 
Chattahoochee,  and  Alabama  are  more  im- 
portant. 

The  rivers  of  the 
Atlantic  slope  rise  in 
or  near  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  flow  in  a  south- 
eastward direction. 
About  halfway  down 
their  courses  these 
rivers  are  interrupted 
by  rapids,  which  afford 
I  water  power.  Be 
low  the  rapids  some  of 
the  rivers  arc  navigable. 

There  are  many  lakes 


I  -11   /..,  /  i„  ord  11  am  1  Put/ 

liuKMNi;  Tar,  North  Carolina. 


in  Florida  and  in  the  Mississippi 
bottom  lands.  The  largest  are 
Okechobee  and   Pontchartrain. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  is  warm 
and  moist  in  the  south  and  east. 
Snow  rarely  remains  on  the  ground, 
and  frosts  seldom  occur. 

On  the  Great  Plains,  however, 
the  climate  is  quite  dry,  with  greater 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

Vegetation.  —  Ex'cept  in  the  west, 

much    of    the    section    is    covered 

with   forests.     In    the    north    there   are    great 

forests  of  hard  woods,  such  as  oak,  hickory, 

ash,  and  walnut,  and  in 
the  south  are  fine  for- 
ests of  southern  pine. 
This  pine  furnishes  not 
only  good  lumber,  but 
also  tar,  pitch,  turpen- 
tine, and  rosin,  called 
Naval  Stores. 

Thecoast  swampsand 
the  Hood  plains  along 
the  rivers  are  covered 
with  dense  thickets  of 
tall  woody  grasses 
called    Canebrakes.,  and 


SOUTHERN    SECTION 


57 


Picking  Cotton,  Mississippi. 


state.  The  section  produces  four 
fifths  of  all  the  cotton  raised  in  the 
world. 

Corn,  sweet  potatoes,  and  fruit 
are  also  important  crops.  Wheat 
and  tobacco  are  cultivated  in  the 
north  ;  and  sugar  cane,  rice,  and 
oranges  are   raised   in   the  south. 

Hogs  are  raised  in  many  parts, 
and  great  numbers  of  cattle  and 
sheep  in  the  west. 

forests  of  cypress,  gum,  and  live-oak  trees.  Mining  and  Manufacturing.  —  Coal  and  iron 
Red  cedar,  magnolia,  and  palmetto  grow  on  ore  are  mined  in  considerable  quantities  in 
the  borders  of  the  southern  swamps.  the  Appalachian  region,  and  some  coal  in  the 

The  Everglades  of      i : —  1     southwestern  spurs  of 

the  Ozarks.  Manu- 
facturing is  rapidly 
increasing  in  impor- 
tance. The  southern 
Appalachians  form 
one  of  the  great  iron- 
re- 


southern  Florida  are 
an  immense  shallow 
lake  which  contains 
thousands  of  islands 
covered  with  trees 
and  tropical  plants. 

The  dry  western 
part  of  the  section 
is    a    nearly    treeless 

,  ,    •  Rice  Field,  Georgia 

but  grassy  plain. 

People.  —  This  section  contains  three  times 
as  many  people  as  New  England,  but  as  it 
is  so  much  larger  it  is  not  so  thickly  peopled. 

In  New  England  and  the  North 
nearly  all  the  people  are  white,  but 
many  of  them  are  foreigners,  born 
in  Europe.  In  the  Southern  Section 
nearly  all  the  people  are  native- 
born;  but  more  than  a  third  of 
them  are  negroes,  who  are  now 
free,  but  whose  ancestors  were 
brought  here  from  Africa  many 
years  ago  as  slaves. 

Industries.  —  Farming  is  the 
chief  industry,  and  cotton  is  by  far 
the  most  important   crop  in  every 


manufacturing 
gions  of  the  country, 
and  on   the  Atlantic 
slope  are  many   cot- 
ton mills  and  tobacco  factories.     In  the  lower 
Mississippi   valley   much   cottonseed   oil,   raw 
sus:ar,  and  molasses   are   manufactured ;    and 


Tobacco  Field,  South  Carolina. 


58 


THE   UNITED    STATES 


[obacco  Factory,  North  Carolina. 

in  the  southern  forests  of  yellow  pine  much 
lumber  is  sawed  and  nearly  all  of  the  world's 
supply  of  turpentine  and  rosin  is  made. 

The  Commerce  of  the  section  is  quite  large, 
and  it-  most  important  item  is  the  shipping  of 
raw  cotton  both  to  Europe  and  to  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Middle  States.  There  are  many 
railroads  in  the  section,  but  much  of  the  freight 
is  sent  by  the  rivers  to  the  coast  cities,  where  it 
is  shipped  by  sea. 

North  Carolina  is  very  mountainous  in  the 
west,  and  slopes  eastward  to  a  swampy  coast 
indented  by  large  sounds. 

There  are  fine  crops  ol  grain,  tobacco, 
fruits,  sweet  potatoes,  and  early  vegetables, 
ides  cotton.  Much  cotton,  lumber,  and 
tobacco  are   manufactured. 

Wilmington  is  an  important  seaport.  Char- 
lotte and  Raleigh  have  cotton  and  other  fac- 
tories.    Asheville  is  a  health  resort. 

South  Carolina  produces  much  rice,  valuable 
t-island "  cotton,  and  early  vegetables. 
.Mm  li  phosphate  rock  is  dug  and  shipped  for 
fertilizer.     Much  cotton  is  manufactured. 

Charleston  is  one  "I  the  greal  seaports  ol 
the  south.  Columbia,  the  capital,  has  cotton 
I.k  tories 


Georgia  is  one  of  the  leading 
states  in  the  Union  in  the  pro- 
duction of  cotton,  rice,  peaches, 
and  naval  stores;  it  also  does  much 
manufacturing.  It  has  coal  and 
iron  mines  and  valuable  quarries. 

Atlanta  is  a  noted  southern  rail- 
road center  and  manufacturing  city. 
Savannah  ships  cotton,  rice,  and 
naval  stores.  Augusta  and  Macon 
have  cotton  mills. 

Florida    has    many  swamps    and 

lakes.     Early  vegetables,  fruits,  and 

naval  stores  are  produced. 

Jacksonville  is  a  noted  winter  resort.     Key 

West   manufactures    cigars.      Pensacola    and 

Tampa  are  important  ports. 

Alabama  contains  rich  coal  and  iron  mines, 
and  manufactures  more  iron  than  any  other 
southern  state.  It  also  ranks  hisrh  in  cotton, 
corn,  peaches,  and  other  farm  products. 

Mobile  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  ships  much 
cotton.  Birmingham  is  the  great  iron-manu- 
facturing  center.  Montgomery  is  the  capital. 
Mississippi  has  no  mountains,  and  much  of 
its  surface  is  a  low,  fertile  flood  plain.  It  is 
one  of  the  greatest  cotton-producing  states. 
Vicksburp  and  Meridian  are  trade  centers. 


:. 1 1  i  i   Works,  Alabama. 


SOUTHERN    SFXTION 


59 


San  Antonio,  Houston,  and  Dallas 
are  important  commercial  cities.  Gal- 
veston has  the  best  harbor  on  the  coast. 
Austin  is  the  capital. 

Oklahoma  has  a  fertile  rolling  sur- 
face. Corn,  wheat,  and  cotton  are  grown 
and  many  cattle  are  raised.     Here  are 


>--*»-■ 


Sugar  Cane  Plantation,  Louisiana. 

Tennessee  is  mountainous  in  the 
east,  hilly  in  the  center,  and  level 
in  the  west. 

Iron  and  coal  are  mined  in  the 
east.  The  center  and  west  are 
adapted  to  farming  and  stock  raising. 

Memphis  is  the  largest  city  and 
an  important  river  port.  Nashville 
is  the  capital.  Knoxvillc  and  Chat- 
tanooga have  factories  and  mills. 

Louisiana.  —  Much  of  the  south- 
ern half  lies  in  the  swampy  Mississippi  delta. 

This  state  produces  much  of  the  sugar  cane 
and  rice  grown  in  our  country. 

New  Orleans,  the  largest  city  in  the  South, 
is  the  greatest  cotton  market  in  the  world. 

Arkansas  contains  much  fertile  lowland, 
where  corn,  cotton,  and  peaches  are  grown. 
Much  pine  and  hard-wood  lumber  is  cut. 

Little  Rock  is  the  largest  city. 

Texas  is  the  most  populous  and  the  greatest 
cotton-growing  state  in  the  South. 

The  moist  lowlands  in  the  southeast  fur- 
nish fine  lumber,  some  sugar  cane,  and  much 
cotton.  The  fertile  prairies  in  the  east  are 
adapted  to  corn  and  wheat.  On  the  table-land 
in  the  west  cattle  and  sheep  are  raised. 

There  are  petroleum  wells  in  the  southeast. 


*&*&* 


&jfaAM 


1 


"w- 


Cattle  Ranch.  Texas. 

extensive  coal   mines  and  valuable  oil   wells. 

There  are  many  Indians  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  state,  who  belong  chiefly  to  the  Seminole, 
Choctaw,Cherokee,Creek,and  Chickasaw  tribes. 

Guthrie,  the  capital,  and  Oklahoma,  the  largest 
city,  are  important  commercial  centers. 

TEST   EXERCISES    FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  the  Southern  Section  ?  What  states  are  included 
in  this  section  ?  Describe  the  coast.  Describe  the  general 
surface  of  the  section.  What  two  drainage  slopes  embrace  the 
section?  Tell  what  you  can  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  its 
flood  plain  in  the  section.  Mention  some  other  important 
streams  of  the  Gulf  slope.  What  can  you  say  of  the  streams 
on  the  Atlantic  slope?     Describe  the  climate. 

Describe  the  forests  of  the  section  ;  the  swamps  ;  the  vege- 
tation of  the  dry  western  portion.  Tell  what  you  can  of  the 
inhabitants.  Name  the  chief  industry  and  its  most  important 
product.  Mention  some  other  important  agricultural  products. 
What  is  said  of  mining  and  manufacturing?  of  commerce? 

Describe  each  division  of  the  Southern  Section  and  locate 
and  characterize  the  chief  cities  in  each. 


^kns  a  to 


II,  I  ..■       .  ■    i 


PLATEAU    SECTION 


61 


THE    PLATEAU    SECTION 
EXERCISES  ON   THE    MAP 

Location.  —  In  what  part  of  the  country  is  the  Plateau 
Section?  Name  the  eight  subdivisions  embraced  in  it. 
What  mountain  range  is  west?  What  countries  are  on  the 
north  and  south  ? 

Surface.  —  What  great  mountain  chain  traverses  the  sec- 
tion? Name  two  peaks  in  this  chain.  What  long  range  is 
in  the  northern  part?  What  two  ranges  are  in  the  central 
pari  ?  Trace  across  the  section  the  main  divide  of  the 
United   States.      In  what   direction  does   it  extend? 

Drainage.  —  Name  the  chief  tributaries  of      

the  Mississippi  in  this  section.  What  streams 
are  in  the  Missouri  basin?  in  the  Arkansas 
basin  ?  What  other  streams  drain  the  section 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  What  rivers  are  on 
the  Pacific  slope  in  the  north  ?  What  river 
system  flows  to  the  Gulf  of  California?  Name 
its  chief  streams.  Name  two  rivers  whose 
waters  do  not  reach  the  ocean.  What  is  the 
region  called  in  which  these  rivers  flow? 
Name  five  lakes  in  that  region.  Name  and 
locate  another  lake. 

Divisions.  —  Where  is  Montana?  De- 
scribe its  surface.  Locate  its  chief  slopes 
and  name  the  chief  rivers  on  each.  Locate 
the  capital ;  Butte  ;  Great  Falls. 

Where  is  Idaho  ?  Describe  its  surface. 
Name  its  chief  streams.     Name  and  locate  the  capital. 

Where  is  Wyoming?  Describe  the  surface.  Name  the 
chief  streams.  Name  and  locate  the  capital.  Where  is 
Yellowstone  National  Park? 

Where  is  Colorado?  Describe  the  surface.  Name  the 
chief  streams.  Name  and  locate  the  capital ;  three  other 
cities. 

Where  is  Utah?  Describe  the  surface.  Name  the 
streams  and  lakes.  Name  and  locate  the  capital ;  another 
city. 

Where  is  Nevada?  Describe  its  surface.  What  is 
peculiar  about  the  drainage?  Name  the  chief  stream. 
Name  and  locate  the  capital.     Where  is  Reno? 

Where  is  Arizona  Territory?  Describe  the  surface. 
Name  the  chief  streams.  Name  and  locate  the  capital  ; 
another  city. 

Where  is  New  Mexico  Territory?  Describe  its  surface. 
Name  its  chief  streams.  Name  and  locate  the  capital ; 
a  city  on  the  Rio  Grande. 


DESCRIPTION 

Extent.  — This  section  lies  west  of  the  cen- 
ter of  the  United  States,  and  extends  from  the 
Great  Plains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  from 
Canada  to  Mexico.  It  is  a  little  larger  than 
the  Southern  Section. 

Surface.  —  The  Rocky  Mountains  traverse 
the  section.  The  plateau  from  which  they 
rise  is  about  a  mile  high,  and  in  Colorado 
many  of  the  peaks  are  nearly  three  miles  high. 


A  Mountain  Peak,  Wyoming. 

West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  a  series 
of  plateaus,  often  separated  from  one  another 
by  long  lines  of  cliffs,  or  short  mountain 
ranges,  or  narrow  canyons  of  great  depth. 

The  only  considerable  lowland  area  in  the 
section  is  in  the  extreme  southwest  corner. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  is  dry,  with  hot 
summers,  but  the  winters,  except  in  the  ex- 
treme south,  are  cold. 

Most  of  the  streams  are  fed  by  the  snows 
among  the  high  mountains. 

Drainage.  —  The  Rocky  Mountains  for  most 
of  their  length  form  the  divide  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  slopes. 

The  eastern  slope  is  drained  by  the  Mis- 
souri, Yellowstone,  Platte,  Arkansas,  and   Rio 


62 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Irrigation  Canal,  New  Mexico. 

Grande   rivers.     Of    these    the    Missouri    and 
Yellowstone  are  navigable. 

The  western  slope  of  the  section  contains 
the  Colorado  river  system  and  the  Snake  and 
Clark  rivers  of  the  Columbia  system.  The 
greater  portions  of  the  Colorado  and  its  trib- 
utaries, as  well  as  Snake  River,  are  rushing 
torrents  of  little  or  no  value  to  commerce. 

Much  of  the  central  portion  of  the  section 
lies  in  the  Great  Basin,  in  which  the  few 
streams  disappear  in  the  hot  sands  or  flow 
into  salt  lakes  or  swamps. 

Vegetation.  —  There  are  forests  on  most  of 
the  mountain  slopes  and  higher 
plateaus,  but  the  valleys  and  lower 
plateaus  are  so  dry  that  they  bear 
but  a  scanty  growth  of  sage  brush, 
and  in  some  places  are  true  des- 
erts.  In  many  places  farming  is 
possible  only  by  the  aid  of  irriga- 
tion or  artifit  ial   watering. 

People. —  This    section    is   very 
thinly  peopled.     It  contains  fewer 
pie  than  the  >  it  y  of  ( "hi<  ago. 

There   are    a    large   number  oi 

Indians   who   live   on    reservations 

or  ti  i   aparl   for  them.     In 

south  are  the  remains  of  many 


cliff  dwellings,  built  long  ago  by  the 
Indians,  as  well  as  the  pueblos  or 
great  houses  of  adobe  or  sun-dried 
brick  built  by  the  Pueblo  Indians. 
In  the  south  many  of  the  people 
are  of  Spanish  descent. 

Industries.  —  Mining  in  the  moun- 
tains and  herding  on  the  plains 
and  plateaus  are  the  characteristic 
industries.  The  mines  of  gold, 
d  y^'s-v* ""V""---'^  silver,  lead,  and  copper  are  among 
the  richest  in  the  world.  Coal,  pe- 
troleum, and  many  other  valuable 
minerals  are  also  obtained. 

The  herding  of  cattle  for  beef,  and  of  sheep 
for  wool,  is  widely  pursued. 

Good  crops  of  grain,  hay,  potatoes,  and 
fruits  are  obtained  in  many  places  where  water 
for  irrigation  can  be  procured  from  streams. 

There  are  comparatively  few  railroads  in 
the  section,  but  most  of  these  are  very  im- 
portant ones  —  being  parts  of  the  great 
"  through  lines "  which  connect  the  Atlantic 
and    Pacific  seaports. 

Montana  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  but 
lies  in  the  Great  Plains  in  the  east.     It  pro- 


,\   I'l  I  BLO,   ,\  l  w   M  l  XICO. 


PLATEAU    SECTION 


63 


duces  more  copper  than  any  other  state, 
much  wool,  and  many  beef  cattle. 

Butte  is  noted  for  its  productive  cop- 
per and  silver  mines.  Great  Falls  is  a 
manufacturing  center. 

Wyoming  is  more  mountainous  than 
Montana,  but  contains  few  minerals. 
Some  coal  and  petroleum  are  obtained. 
The  chief  occupation  is  the  herding  of 
cattle,  sheep,  and  horses. 

Cheyenne  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 


N^ 


Terraces  formed  by  Deposits  from  Hot  Springs. 

The  Yellowstone  National  Park,  which  lies 
mostly  in  Wyoming,  is  a  wonderland  of  high 
mountains,  deep  canyons,  hot  springs,  and 
geysers.  Congress  has  prohibited  settlement 
or  the  killing  of  arame  in  this  region. 

Colorado  is  the  highest  and  most  mountainous 
state  in  the  Union.  It  produces  more  silver, 
gold,  and  lead  than  any  other  state,  and  con- 
siderable coal.  Farming  is  impor- 
tant in  many  of  the  valleys. 

Denver  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
section.  Pueblo  is  a  manufactur- 
ing center.  Colorado  Springs  is  a 
health  resort.  Leadville  is  the  cen- 
ter of  silver  and  lead  mining. 

New  Mexico  is  less  mountainous 
than  the  states  to  the  north.     Sheep 


Minim;  District,  Leadville,  Colorad  >. 

raising  and  cattle  raising  are  the  leading 
occupations. 

Albuquerque  is  a  trade  center.    Santa 
Fe  is  the  capital. 

Idaho  lies  west  of  the   Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    The  northern  part  has  a  moister 
climate  than  the  rest  of  the  section ;  the 
valleys  in  that  part  of  the  state  produce 
**a£.     good    crops  of    wheat,  and    the    forests 
yield  fine  lumber.     There  are  rich  gold, 
silver,  and  lead  mines. 
Boise,  the  capital,  is  in  a  fine  grazing  region. 
Utah  is  traversed  by  the  Wasatch  Mountains. 
The   climate   is  very  dry,  but  the  valleys   of 
many  snow-fed  mountain   streams,  especially 
those  which  border  Great  Salt,  Utah,  and  Sevier 
lakes,  contain  farms  and  produce  fine  fruits. 

Silver,  gold,  copper,  and  lead  are  mined,  and 
salt  is  obtained  from  Great  Salt  Lake. 


Shearing  Sheep,  Wyoming. 


64 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


PACIFIC  SUCTION 


Bunc  •-  il  the  Northern  Boctlun 

Bouthei  n  ... 

I 


Salt  Lake  City  is  the  largest  city  of  Utah. 
Ogden  is  a  railroad  center. 

Nevada  lies  almost  entirely  in  the  Great 
Basin.  Its  mines  of  silver  and  cjold  were 
once  famous,  but  now  they  are  worked  only  to 
a  small  extent. 

Reno  is  a  trade  center. 

Arizona  is  the  hottest  and  driest  part  of  the 
United  States.  Raisins,  figs,  almonds,  and 
other  tropical  plants  are  cultivated  by  irriga- 
tion. Much  copper  is  mined  and  many  cattle 
are  raised. 

Tucson  is  a  trade  center. 

TEST    EXERCISES    FOR    REVIEW 

Where  is  the  Plateau  Section  ?  What  states  and  territories 
does  it  include  ?  Why  are  they  grouped  together  ?  Describe  the 
surface.  What  four  river  systems  drain  most  of  the  section  ? 
What  part  do  they  not  drain  ?  What  lakes  are  in  the  section  ? 
Describe  the  climate. 

Describe  the  vegetation.  Tell  what  you  can  of  the  inhabitants. 
What  are  the  chief  industries  ?  What  is  said  of  farming  and  com- 
merce ?     What  is  the  Yellowstone  National  Park  ? 

Describe  each  division  of  the  Plateau  Section  and  locate  and 
characterize  the  chief  cities  in  each. 

THE    PACIFIC    SECTION 

EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Location. — Name  the  states  of  this  section.     By  what  is 

it    bordered   on    the    west?   by  what    section    on    the    east? 

What  country  is  north?  south?     In  what 

part  of  our  country  is  the  Pacific  Section 

situated  ? 

Coast.  —  Is  the  coast  regular  or  irregu- 
lar? What  strait  and  sound  are  on  the 
northwest?  What  bay  is  in  western  Cali- 
fornia? Name  four  capes  on  this  coast. 
Name  a  group  of  islands  off  the  southern 
part  of  this  coast. 

Surface. — What  mountains  traverse 
these  states  near  the  coast?  What  moun- 
tains are  farther  inland?  hind  two  peaks 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Where  is  each? 
Find  two  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
Where  is  each?  What  mountains  are  in 
sniiihern  California?  Where  are  the 
Blue  Mountains? 


PACIFIC   SECTION 


65 


Drainage.  —  What  great  river  drains 
the  northern  part  of  this  section? 
Name  its  chief  branches.  Between  what 
states  does  the  Columbia  flow?  What 
river  drains  northern  California  to  the 
Pacific? 

What  two  rivers  drain  central  Cali- 
fornia? Describe  each  of  them.  What 
river  forms  part  of  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  California?  Where  are  there 
large  lakes  in  this  section?  Name 
three  of  the  lakes. 

Divisions.  —  Where  is  the  state  of 
Washington?  Name  and  locate  the 
capital ;    three  other  cities. 

Where    is  Oregon?     How   does  it 
compare  with  Washington  in  size  ?      Name  and  locate  the 
capital.     Where  is  Portland? 

Where  is  California?  Compare  it  in  size  with  the  other 
states  in  this  section.  Name  and  locate  the  capital. 
Where  is  San  Francisco?     Los  Angeles?     Oakland? 

DESCRIPTION 

Location  and  Coast.  —  This  section  embraces 
the  three  states  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  coast  is  very  bold,  with  few  good  har- 
bors. The  most  noted  harbors  are  in  San 
Francisco   Bay  and  in   Puget  Sound. 

Surface.  —  Near  the  Pacific  the  Coast  Ranges 
rise  to  the  height  of  half  a  mile  and 
fringe  nearly  the  entire  coast.  In  the 
south,  where  they  are  called  the  San 
Bernardino  Range,  they  are  much  higher 
and  are  often  snow-clad. 

Farther  inland  the  ruo-o-ed  ranp-es  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  Moun- 
tains border  the  Rocky  Mountain  high- 
land. These  ranges  contain  many  peaks 
nearly  three  miles  in  height.  Among 
the  mountains  are  beautiful  valleys  and 
clear  and  deep  mountain  lakes.  Some 
of  the  peaks  in  these  mountains  were 
once  great  volcanoes. 

Between    the   Coast    Ranges   and   the 


A  Lake  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades, 
are  broad,  low  valleys  which 
are  noted  for  their  fertility.  In 
Washington,  the  valley  is 
occupied  by  Puget  Sound;  in 
Oregon,  by  Willamette  River; 
and  in  California,  by  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  rivers. 
Drainage. —  The  largest  river 
is  the  Columbia,  which  drains 
most  of  Washington  and  Ore- 
orm.  Ocean  steamers  ascend 
it  and  the  Willamette  to  Port- 
land. 

The  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers 
drain  the  great  Valley  of  California  and  flow 
into  San  Francisco  Bay.  Much  of  the  water 
of  the  San  Joaquin  is  used  to  irrigate  the 
soil. 

Climate.  —  The  west  winds  from  the  Pacific 
bring  abundant  moisture  to  most  of  the  sec- 
tion, and  they  also  make  the  winters  mild  and 
the  summers  pleasant. 

Most  of  the  rain  falls  in  the  winter  months, 
and  the  summers  are  quite  dry.  In  many 
places  on  the  lowlands  flowers  bloom  out  of 


An  Irrigation  Canal.  California. 


66 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


doors  all  the  year 
round,  and  frost  is 
rare  ;  yet  on  the 
high  mountains  not 
far  away  snow  and 
ice  may  generally 
be  found. 

Vegetation.  —  The 
forests  on  the  moist 


# 


B^BMi^WMBHMHil^^MSMiBB^B 


<  '  W  IIORNIA. 


western  slopes  of  the  mountains  are  among 
the  densest  in  our  country.  In  the  north  the 
forests  consist  largely  of  Douglas  fir,  and 
furnish  much  timber. 

In  California  there  are  groves  of  "big  trees  " 
three  hundred  feet  high.  There  are  fine  for- 
ests  of  redwood  in  northwestern  California. 

People.  —  This  section  is  somewhat  more 
thickly  peopled  than  the  Plateau  Section. 
Must  of  the  people  are  settlers  from  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  country  or  their  descendants; 
Imt  there  are  some  of  Spanish  descent,  some 
Indians,  and  a  number  of  Chinese. 

Industries.  —  Farming  is  the  chief  industry. 

The  fertile  soil  of  the  valleys  and  the  equable 

climate    make    the    section    one    of    the    finest 

gions  iii  the  world.     Wheal,  barley, 

fruit,  vegetables,  and  hops  are  the  chief  crops. 


The  fruits  are  specially  noted :  oranges, 
lemons,  olives,  figs,  and  dates  in  the  south, 
and  grapes,  plums,  peaches,  nectarines,  and 
apples  farther  north.  Many  sheep  are  raised 
for  their  wool. 

Lumbering  and  salmon  fishing  are  extensive 
industries  in  the  north. 

The  gold  mines  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  are- 
still  among  the  richest  in  the  world.  Coal  is 
also  mined  in  the  northern  part  of  the  section, 
quicksilver  in  the  central  part,  and  petroleum 
is  obtained  in  the  south. 

The  commerce  of  the  section  is  quite  exten- 
sive—  both  by  sea  and  by  a  number  of  rail- 
roads which  cross  the  continent  from  San 
Francisco  Bay  and   Puget  Sound. 


i. ii  Mini  ,  <  IREGON. 


PACIFIC    SECTION 


67 


Washington  is  traversed  by 
the  Coast  and  the  Cascade 
ranges.  Between  these  is  the 
famous  Sound  Valley,  in  which 
are  fine  forests,  good  wheat, 
fruit,  and  hop  lands,  and  valua- 
ble coal  beds.  The  eastern 
part  of  the  state  is  dry,  but  in 
the  river  valleys  much  wheat 
is  raised. 

Seattle,  the  largest  city,  is 
noted  for  its  coal  and  lumber 
business.  Tacoma  and  Spokane 
also  are  important  commercial 
cities. 

Oregon    resembles   Washing- 
ton  in   surface.     West  of  the  Cascades  lum- 
bering and  farming  are  the  chief   industries, 


Branch  of  olives,  California. 


California.  —  The  Sierra  Ne- 
vada in  the  east  contains  rich 
deposits  of  gold  and  affords 
some  of  the  finest  scenery  in 
the  world.  The  Coast  Ranges 
are  covered  with  dense  red- 
wood forests  in  the  north,  and 
contain  rich  quicksilver  mines 
in  the  central  part. 

The  central  \  alley  produces 
wheat,  hay,  barley,  and  fruits, 
and  farther  south  the  chief 
products  are  honey,  grapes, 
and  oranges  and  other  tropical 
fruits. 

San  Francisco,  one  of  the 
great  cities  of  the  United  States,  has  a  large 
foreign  commerce.  Los  Angeles  is  the  com- 
mercial  center  of  southern  California.  Oak- 
land is  an  important  railway  terminus. 
Sacramento  is  the  capital. 

TEST    EXERCISES    FOR   REVIEW 

What  states  does  this  section  embrace?  Why  are  they 
grouped  together?  Describe  the  coast.  Describe  the  surface ; 
the  drainage  ;  the  climate. 

What  can  you  say  of  the  vegetation  of  the  section?  of  the 
people?  What  is  the  chief  industry?  What  are  the  principal 
farm  products?  .Mention  some  other  noted  industries  of  the 
section. 

I  (escribe  each  state  of  the  section,  and  locate  and  charac- 
terize the  chief  cities  in  each. 


Lumbering,  Washington. 

and  east  of  the  Cascades  sheep 
herding  is  important. 

Wheat,  fruit,  and  hops  are  the 
chief  crops.  The  salmon  fisheries 
of  this  state  are  especially  noted. 
Gold  is  mined  in  the  southwest  and 
northeast. 

Portland  is  the  largest  city  and 
chief  trade  center  of  the  Northwest. 


,ALMON  Fishing,  Oregon. 


68 


THK    UNITED    STATES 


A  City  Street,  Porto  Rico. 


Indian  Women,  Alaska. 


Native  Women  Weaving,  Philippines. 

OUTLYING    POSSESSIONS   OF   THE 
UNITED    STATES 

KXERCISES   ON    THK    MAP  (Page  26) 

In  what  part  of  North  America  is  Alaska?  By  what 
waters  is  it  nearly  surrounded  ?  By  what  strait  is  it  sepa- 
rated from  Asia?  What  country  is  east?  Is  the  coast 
regular  or  irregular?  Whal  cape  is  at  the  northern  point? 
Whal  islands  are  off  the  western  coastj  in  Bering  Sea? 
What  island  is  south?  What  mountain  peak  is  in  Alaska? 
iks  are  neai  the  southeast  holder?  What  river 
flows  through  Alaska?  In  what  zones  is  Alaska  situated  ? 
Find  Sitka. 

DESCRIF1  ION 

1  Alaska.  —  In  1S67  the  United  States 
pun  hased  the  land  called  Alaska  from 
Russia,  a  country  which  still  owns  the  land 
in  Asia  just  across  luring  Strait. 

Along  the  southern  coast  stretches  a 
1  wall  of  mountains  containing  the  high- 


Grass  House,  Hawaiian  Islands. 

est  peaks  in  North  America.  These  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  forests  at  the  base,  but 
capped  with  perpetual  snow  and  ice.  Great 
tongues  of  this  ice  cap  creep  slowly  down  the 
mountain  sides,  often  filling  whole  valleys, 
and  forming  Glaciers.  Some  of  these  glaciers 
reach  down  to  the  sea,  where  pieces  of  the 
ice  break  off  and  float  away  as  Icebergs. 

Beyond  the  mountains  little  is  known  about 
the  land  except  along  the  course  of  the  Yukon 
River,  which  is  navigable  in  summer. 

Along  the  southern  coast,  which  is  fringed 
with  many  beautiful  islands,  the  climate  is 
mild  but  very  rainy  or  snowy.  In  the  inte- 
rior it  is  very  cold  during  the  long  winter. 

Resources.  —  This  country  has  fine  forests 
of  pine,  cedar,  and  firs,  and  many  salmon  and 
other  fish  ascend  the  rivers.  Gold  is  found 
and  other  minerals  are  known  to  occur. 


CANADA   AND    DANISH    AMERICA 


69 


Many  fur  seals  are  killed  on  the  Pribilof 
islands.  Many  fur-bearing  animals  are  caught 
on  the  mainland  by  the  Indians  and  Eskimos. 

Sitka  is  the  capital  of  the  territory. 

2.  Porto  Rico  is  an  important  island  in  the  West  Indies. 
It  lies  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  one  thousand  miles  southeast 
of  Florida.  After  its  discovery  by  Columbus,  it  was  settled 
by  Spaniards,  and  was  governed  by  Spain  until  1899,  when 
it  came  under  the  control  of  the  United  States. 

3.  The  Territory  of  Hawaii  comprises  a  group  of  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  They  lie  near  the  Tropic  of  Cancer, 
about  twenty-five  hundred  miles  southwest  of  San  Francisco. 
For  a  long  time  they  were  governed  by  a  native  king  or 
queen,  but  in  189S  they  came  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  United  States. 

4.  The  Philippine  Islands  are  a  large 
group  of  islands  lying  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
southeast  of  Asia.  They  were  discovered  by 
Magellan,  and  governed  for  a  long  time 
by  Spain.  But  since  1899  they  have  been 
under  the  control  of  the  United  States. 

5.  Wake  and  Guam  are  small  islands  be- 
tween Hawaii  and  the  Philippines.  Tutuila 
is  one  of  the  several  small  islands  in  the 
south  Pacific  Ocean  which  have  lately  been 
acquired  by  the  United  States. 

TEST   EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  Alaska?  Describe  its  surface  and 
drainage ;  its  climate ;  its  resources  and  indus- 
tries. Where  is  Porto  Rico?  Hawaii?  the  Phil- 
ippines?   Wake,  Guam,  and  Tutuila? 

DOMINION   OF   CANADA   AND 
DANISH    AMERICA 

EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAP  (Page  26) 

Canada.  —  In  what  part  of  North  America  is  Canada? 
What  waters  and  countries  border  it?  Compare  its  size 
with  that  of  the  United  States. 

What  island  is  on  the  east  coast?  What  island  and 
island  group  are  on  the  west  coast?  What  large  bay  and 
gulf  extend  far  inland?  What  peninsula  is  in  the  south- 
east ? 

What  mountains  traverse  Canada?  What  great  river 
system  drains  to  the  Arctic  Ocean?  What  lakes  are  in 
this  basin?  What  great  river  system  drains  to  Hudson 
Bay?     What  lake  is  in  this  basin?     What    river  system 


drains  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  What  lake,  are  in 
this  basin?  What  river  drains  the  extreme  northwest  to 
Bering  Sea  ? 

Name  and  locate  the  capital  of  Canada  ;    two  (  ities  ca-l 
of  it.     Name  a  city  111  Nova  Scotia  ;  a  nty  on  Vane 
Island. 

Newfoundland.  —  Where  is  Newfoundland?  What  bod- 
ies of  water  surround  it  ?  What  cape  is  at  the  southeastern 
extremity?  Find  the  capital  of  Newfoundland.  Where  is 
Labrador? 

Greenland  and  Iceland.  — Where  is  Greenland?  What 
waters  surround  it?  What  <  ape  i>  at  its  southern  extremity  ? 
In  what  zones  is  it?  Where  is  Iceland?  In  what  part  of 
what  zone  is  it?  in  what  direction  from  Greenland? 


Rocky  Mountains,  Canada. 

DESCRIPTION 

Location  and  Surface.  — Canada  includes  all 
the  mainland  north  of  the  United  States 
except  Alaska  and  Labrador. 

The  surface  is  generally  a  smooth  lowland 
except  in  the  west,  where  it  is  traversed  by 
the  Rocky  and  Cascade  mountains.  Between 
these  ranges  lies  a  rugged  plateau. 

Drainage. — Canada  contains  many  lakes, 
some  of  which  are  anions;  the  largest  in  the 
world. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  St.  Lawrence, 
the  Mackenzie,  and  the  Nelson-Saskatchewan. 


70 


NORTH    AMERICA 


Of  these  the  St.  Law- 
rence is  the  only  im- 
portant highway  of 
trade.  The  others  are 
frozen  much  of  the 
year,  and  flow  through 
lands  which  contain 
few  people. 

The  Climate  in  the 
north  is  very  cold, 
and  snow  falls  every 
month  in  the  year. 
Farther  south  the 
winters  are  long,  cold,  and  snowy,  while  the 
summers  are  short  and  hot.  Along  the  Pacific 
coast  the  westerly  winds  make  the  climate 
mild,  with  rainy  and  foggy  winters.  The 
mountains  are  always  covered  with  snow  and 
contain  beautiful  glaciers.  Along  the  coast 
of  Nova  Scotia  a  warm  and  a  cold  current 
meet  and  cause  dense  fogs. 

Vegetation.  —  In  the  north  the  ground  is 
frozen  to  a  great  depth.  Its  surface  thaws 
but  a  few  inches  in  summer,  when  the  country 
is  converted  into  a  great  morass,  or  tundra. 
on  which  mosses,  lichens,  and  dwarf  shrubs 
are  the  only  plants. 

Between    Lake   Winnipeg   and  the    Rocky 


Sheep  in  Western  Canada 


A    SMF.1.T1  K    IN   Wl        '  I     lNAUA. 


Mountains  the  land 
consists  of  open  prai- 
ries, with  some  wood- 
lands. Here  are  ex- 
tensive wheat  farms 
and  grazing  lands. 

Most  of  the  rest  of 
Canada     is     covered 
with   forests    of   pine, 
cedar,  and  fir,  except 
in  the  southeast,  where 
the    best    lands    have 
been  cleared  and  made 
into  farms,  on  which  grain  and  fruit  are  grown. 
People.  —  Canada  is  much  more  thinly  set- 
tled than   the   United  States.      Most  of    the 
people  live  in  the  southeast. 

In  the  north  the  land  is  inhabited  by  widely 
scattered  tribes  of  Eskimos.  These  people 
live  near  the  coast  in  winter,  but  move  inland 
in  summer  in  search  of  game. 

The  forest  region  farther  south  is  inhabited 
by  Indian  tribes,  who  hunt  and  trap  fur- 
bearing  animals,  and  exchange  the  furs  with 
white  traders  for  clothing,  guns,  tobacco,  and 
blankets. 

In  the  south  and  southeast  most  of  the 
people  are  whites,  and  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
valley  many  of  them  are  of  French  descent. 

Industries.  —  Lumbering  forms  the  most 
important  occupation   in   Canada. 

Farming  is  carried  on  only  in  the  south. 
About  Lake  Winnipeg  wheat  is  the  chief 
product,  and  in  the  southeast  barley,  oats, 
hay,  potatoes,  and  apples  are  grown. 

The  fisheries  of  Canada  are  very  valuable. 
Cod  and  mackerel  arc  caught  off  the  south- 
east coast,  and  salmon  in  the  rivers  of  the 
west   coast. 

Coal  is  found  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  coal  and 
j  gold  are  abundant  in  the  west. 


CANADA    AND    DANISH    AM  I.RICA 


71 


An  active  trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  during  the  summer,  but  the 
river  is  closed  by  ice  in  winter.  A  railroad 
traverses  Canada  from  Montreal  to  the  Pacific. 
The  rivers  and  lakes  form  the  only  routes  of 
travel  in  large  parts  of  the  country. 

Government.  —  Canada  belongs  to  Great 
Britain,  but  the  people  make  their  own  laws, 
under   a  governor-general    appointed   by   the 


Cities.  —  Ottawa  is  the  capital.  It  contains 
beautiful  government  buildings,  and  is  a 
market  for  lumber.  Montreal  is  the  largest 
city;  in  summer  ocean  steamers  sail  up  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  as 
far  as  this.  Quebec  is 
the  oldest  city.  Hali- 
fax is  a  seaport  on 
the  Atlantic  coast. 
Vancouver  is  the  chief 
seaport  on  the  Pacific 
coast. 

Newfoundland.  — 
The  island  of  New- 
foundland, together 
with  Labrador,  forms 
a  colony  belonging  to 
Great  Britain.     The  surface  is  generally  bar- 


QUEBEC. 


Government  Buildings,  Ottawa. 

ren,  but  there  are  some  fine  forests.  The  cli- 
mate is  cold,  and  dense 
fogs  often  hang  over 
these  lands.  The  coasts 
are  famous  for  their 
cod  and  mackerel  fish- 
eries. St.  Johns  is  the 
capital. 

Greenland.  —  Nearly 
the  whole  of  Greenland 
is  always  covered  with 
snow  and  ice  thousands 
of  feet  deep.  Glaciers 
extend   down    into  the 


Harbor,  Montreal. 


sea,  and  from  the  ends  of  them  many  icebergs 
break  off  and  float  away.  Along  the  wesl 
coast  is  a  narrow  strip  not  covered  with  snow, 
and  here  a  few  Eskimos  live,  and  gain  a  liv- 
inq-  bv  hunting  and  fishing. 

Iceland.  —  Mild  ocean  currents  and  winds 
make  the  climate  of  Iceland  warmer  than  that 
of  Greenland.  The  island  contains  noted 
volcanoes  and  geysers.  It  was  settled  over  a 
thousand  years  ago  by  the  Northmen  from 
Europe,  whose  descendants  still  live  there. 
Both  Iceland  and  Greenland  belong  to  Hen 
mark,  a  small  nation  in  the  northwest  of 
Europe. 


72 


NORTH    AMERICA 


Maguey  Plant. 

MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND 
THE   WEST    INDIES 

EXERCISES   ON    THE    MAP    (Page  26) 

Mexico.  —  What  country  lies  south  of  the  United  States? 
What  waters  border  Mexico?  What  peninsula  is  in  the 
west?  What  gulf  is  east  of  the  peninsula?  What  pen- 
insula is  in  the  southeast  of  Mexico?  In  what  zones  is 
Mexico? 

What  mountains  traverse  the  country?     Of  what  moun- 
tains are  the  ranges  of  Mexico  a  continua- 
tion?    What  river  is  on  the  northern  bound- 


largest.  What  group  east  of  Florida  forms  part  of  the 
West  Indies?  What  sea  lies  between  the  West  Indies  and 
South  America?  What  gulf  is  west  of  Cuba?  What  strait 
separates  Cuba  and  Florida?  In  what  zone  are  most  of 
the  inlands? 

DESCRIPTION 

Mexico  lies  south  of  the  United  States,  be- 
tween the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  country  is  wide  in  the  north, 
but  tapers  rapidly  toward  the  south,  and  at 
the  narrowest  place  is  less  than  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  wide. 

Surface  and  Drainage.  —  The  surface  of 
Mexico  is  mostly  a  high  plateau  or  table- 
land, which  rises  abruptly  from  narrow  coast 
plains. 

The  plateau  is  about  a  mile  high  and  is 
traversed  by  mountain  ridges  which  contain 
many  high  peaks.  A  line  of  snow-capped 
volcanoes  borders  the  plateau   on   the  south. 


ary 


?     What  river  is  in  the  northwest? 


Find  the  capital.  What  city  is  on  the 
Gulf  coast?  on  the  Pacific  coast? 

Central  America.  —  Where  is  Central 
America?  What  sea  is  east  of  it?  What 
ocean  is  west?  What  part  is  mountainous? 
What  lake  is  in  Central  America? 

West  Indies.  —  What  group  of  islands  is 
southeast  of  North  America?    Name  the  four 


(.HI  I  I  I      liKVINli. 


Sugar  Cane  Fiei  d. 

The  streams  arc  generally  short  mountain 
torrents,  none  of  which  are  useful  for  navi- 
gation. Many  of  them  in  the  north  are 
cither  lost  in  the  sands  of  the  plateau  or  flow 
into  sail  lakes. 

The  climate  is  hot,  moist,  and  unhealthful 
along  the  coast,  but  drier,  cooler,   and  quite 


MEXIO  ' 


73 


healthful  on  the  plateau.  Here 
in  places  it  is  constant  spring. 
The  high  mountain  tops  are 
always  covered  with  snow. 

Most  of  the  rain  falls  in  sum- 
mer; but  on  the  plateau  in  the 
north  there  is  little  rain  at  any 
season. 

Plants  and  Animals. —  In  the 
lowlands  there  is  a  dense  tropi- 
cal vegetation,  —  palms,  bana- 
nas, bamboos,  mahogany,  and 
ebonv  trees,  coffee  shrubs  and 


8>J?y 


Mexican  Native  Houses. 


vanilla   vines,  and   many   beautiful    flowering 
plants. 

On  the  highlands  are  plants  like  those  of 
our  own  country,  —  oaks,  walnuts, 
cedars,  and  pines,  wheat  and  corn. 
But  the  characteristic  plant  is  the 
maguey  or  "century  plant."  Its 
sap  is  made  into 'beer,  and  its  roots 
are  used  for  food.  Another  kind 
of  maguey,  in  Yucatan,  furnishes 
the  strong  fiber  called  Sisal  Hemp 
which  is  made  into  ropes  and  ham- 
mocks. 

The  animal  life,  like  the  plant 
life,  along  the  coast  is  tropical.  Alli- 
gators live  in  the  streams,  jaguars 


and  large  troops  of  monkeys 
inhabit  the  forests,  and  on 
every  side  may  be  seen  birds 
of  the  most  beautiful  plumage. 
People.  —  When  Mexico  was 
first  visited  by  Spaniards,  they 
found  an  Indian  people  who 
were  more  nearly  civilized  than 
the  Indians  farther  north. 
The  most  nearly  civilized  of 
the  Indian  tribes  of  Mexico 
were  the  Aztecs,  who  lived  in 
pueblos  of  stone  or  adobe  like 
**  those  in  the  southwest  of  our 

country.  Many  of  the  Spanish 
settlers  married  Indians,  and  their  de- 
scendants are  called  Mexicans.  The 
people  of  Mexico  consist  of  some  Span- 
iards, and  many  Mexicans  and  Indians. 
Most  of  the  people  live  on  the  cool 
and  pleasant  highlands. 

The  lands  of   Mexico  are  owned  by 
Spaniards   and   a   few    Mexicans.      The 
rest  of  the  people  are  poor  and   igno- 
rant.     They   are    the   laborers    on    the 
farms  and  in  the  mines. 

Mexico  is  now  an  independent  republic  like 
the  United  States. 


Street  in  City  of  Mj 


74 


NORTH    AMERICA 


Industries.  —  The  chief  industries  on  the 
highlands  are  the  mining  of  silver  and  the 
herding  of  cattle  and  sheep ;  though  where 
the  land  can  be  irrigated,  corn,  wheat,  beans, 
and  fruits  are  cultivated.  The  mines  are 
rudely  worked,  yet  they  produce  nearly  as 
much  silver  as  those  of  the   United  States. 

On    the   lowlands  cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  to- 


Loading  Bananas,  Central  America, 

bacco,  sisal  hemp,  and  tropical  fruits  are 
cultivated,  and  forest   products  are  collected. 

The  Mexicans  are  skillful  in  making  blank- 
ets, leather,  and  silver  filigree  work. 

Mexico,  the  capital,  is  a  large  and  beautiful 
i  itv  on  the  plateau.  Vera  Cruz  and  Acapulco 
are  the  chief  seaports. 

Central  America  is  larger  than  California. 
I  he  mountains  near  the  Pacific  contain  many 
volcanoes,  and  earthquakes  often  occur.  The 
tern  coast  is  low  and  swampy. 

The  climate  is  hoi  and  moist,  and  the  year 
is  divided  into  a  rainy  and  a  dry  season. 

The    plants   and   animals   are    like    those    of 

the    lowlands    ol    Mexico,    but    the   forests   are 

er  and  i  ontain  dyewoods  and  rubber  trees. 


Indian  Church,  Central  America. 

The  people  are  like  these  of 
Mexico,  except  that  there  are  more 
Indians  and  fewer  Spaniards. 

The  chief  products  are  mahog- 
any lumber,  dyewoods,  rubber,  cof- 
fee, and  bananas. 

Central  America  embraces  six 
small  Spanish-speaking  republics 
and  a  colony  of  Great  Britain. 

Across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama 
a  great   ship  canal  is  being  con- 
structed, between  Panama  on  the 
Pacific  and  Colon  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.    The 
isthmus  is  now  crossed  by  a  railroad. 

The  West  Indies  extend  from  Florida  to 
South  America.  The  chain  comprises  the 
four  large  islands  of  Cuba,  Haiti,  Porto  Rico, 
and  Jamaica,  and  many  small  islands. 

Most  of  the  islands  are  mountainous,  and 
some  contain  volcanoes.  Many  of  them  are 
bordered  by  reefs  which  are  built  b)  coral 
polyps.  The  Bahamas  are  low,  coral  islands. 
Climate  and  Vegetation.  —  The  climate  is 
like  that  of  Central  America,  but  more  tem- 
pered by  ocean  winds.  Great  storms,  called 
Hurricanes,  sometimes  occur,  killing  people 
and   destroying  buildings   and   ships. 

The   islands   have  a  dense   tropical   vegcta- 


CENTRAL    AMKRICA.    WKST    INDIKS 


75 


Gathering  Sugar  Cane,  O  BA. 


o,  Cuba. 


Cabana  Fortress,  Havana. 

tion,  and  some  of  the  larger  ones  contain  great 
forests.  There  are  no  large  animals  and  few 
poisonous  snakes,  but  many  beautiful  birds 
and  butterflies. 

People.  —  The  first  land  in  America  reached 
by  Columbus  was  one  of  the  Bahamas.  When 
the  Spaniards  settled  these  islands  they  brought 
many  negro  slaves  to  their  plantations,  and 
now  there  are  more  negroes  than  whites. 
There  are  also  many  people  of  mixed  blood. 

Most  of  the  islands  belong  to  European 
countries ;  but  Cuba  is  a  republic  under  the 
protection  of  the  United  States,  Porto  Rico 
belongs  to  the  United  States,  and  Haiti  con- 
tains  two  independent  negro  republics. 

Productions.  —  Sugar  cane  and  tobacco  are 
the  chief  products,  particularly  of  Cuba,  but 
coffee,  bananas,  and  other  tropical  fruits  are 


Farmer's  House,  Cuba. 

also  exported.     Sponge  fishing  forms  an  im- 
portant industry  among  these  islands. 

Havana,  the  capital  of  Cuba,  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  a  great  sugar 
and  tobacco  market. 

TEST    EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  Canada  and  what  does  il  include?  Describe  the 
surface  and  drainage;  the  climate.  What  can  you  say  of  the 
vegetation?  of  the  people?  What  are  the  principal  industries 
and  products3     Describe  the  government  and  chief  cities. 

Where  and  what  is  Newfoundland  ? 

Where  and  what  is  Danish  America?  Describe  Greenland. 
Describe  Iceland. 

Where  is  Mexico?  Describe  its  surface  and  drainage:  its 
climate.  Tell  what  you  cm  of  its  plants  and  animals:  of  its 
people.  What  are  the  principal  industries  and  products?  What 
is  the  form  of  government?     Name  the  capital. 

Where  is  Central  America?  Of  what  is  it  composed?  De- 
scribe its  surface  and  climate.     What  are  the  chief  products? 

What  and  where  are  the  West  Indies?  Name  the  four 
largest  islands.  Describe  their  surface  and  coast  line;  their 
climate  and  vegetation.  What  can  you  say  oi  the  people?  What 
are  the  chief  products  ?     What  is  the  chief  city  ? 


76 


SOUTH    AMERICA 


^    SOUTH  AMERICA 

1000  MILES 
1  ' 


8.  ' ' 

mn'     rji        i      Same  scale  Qfi  the  maps  of  North  Aim-riea. 
£ura»ia,Afrlca,and  iuel  ralla 

sssas 


SOUTH    AMERICA 

EXERl  [SES  ON  THE  MAP 

Location.  —  How  u      outh   lmeri<  i   md  NorthAmerica 
connected  ?     Wh  il  watei  3  border  South  America  ? 

Coast. — What  is  its;"  ipi  ?     Which  side  is  the 

Which  h  1  mi'.'!  ■  -1  gulfs  and  bays, 

1  America  or  South  America?     Where  is  the  Gulf  of 
I  tki     Maracaibo?      What    two   wide   river 


mouths  are  on  the  east  coast?    Where  is  the  Strait  of 
II.111?     What    island  does  it  separate  from  the  main- 
land?    What    cape   is  at   the   extreme    southern    end    of 
Si nilh   America?     Where  are   most  of  the   islands? 

Relief.  —  What  mountain  system  lies  near  the  Pacific 
coast?  What  is  its  trend?  Name  and  locate  one  of  its 
peaks.  Where  is  it  broadest?  Compare  the  length  and 
width  of  the  Andes  and  Rocky  Mountain  systems  by  using 
the  scale  of  miles.  Where  in  South  America  are  there 
mountains  other  than   the  Andes? 


SOUTH    AMKRICA 


77 


Andes  Mountains. 

Drainage.  —  On  which  slope  from  the  Andes  are  most  of 
the  rivers?  What  river  is  in  the  northern  part  ?  Describe 
the  direction  of  its  flow.  What  river  flows  ea>t  across  the 
greater  part  of  South  America?  Name  its  chief- branches. 
What  estuary  is  on  the  southeast  coast?  What  rivers 
unite  to  form  the  Plata?  Name  a  branch  of  the  Parana. 
What  river  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Parana  ? 

Climate.  —  What  circles  cross  South  America  ?  In  what 
zone  is  the  northern  part  of  South  America?  In  what 
zone  is  the  central  part?    the  southern  part? 

Countries.  —  What  is  the  largest  country  of  South 
America  ?  In  what  three  great  river  basins  does  it  mostly 
lie?     Name  and  locate  the  capital  ;  four  other  cities. 

What  two  countries  occupy  the  southeast  coast?  Com- 
pare them  as  to  size.  What  rivers  separate  them  ?  Name  and 
locate  the  capital  of  each  ;  two  other  cities  of  Argentina. 

Locate  and  describe  two  inland  countries.  Name  and 
locate  the  capital  of  each  ;  another  city  in  Bolivia. 

Locate  and  describe  four  countries  on  the  Pacific. 
Name  and  locate  the  capital  of  each  ;  a  seaport  in  each. 

What  two  countries  are  on  the  north  coast  east  of  Colom- 
bia?    Name  and  locate  the  capital  and 
a  seaport  of  Venezuela.     How  is  Guiana 
divided  ?  Name  the  capital  of  each  part. 

Map  Drawing.  —  Sketch  and  re- 
sketch  an  outline  of  the  mainland  of 
South  America  like  this  figure,  but 
larger,  until  you  can  reproduce  its  shape 
quickly  from  memory. 


y 

DESCRIPTION 

Shape  and  Extent.  —  S<  Mth 
America  lies  southeast  of 
North  America,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.  Like  North 
America,  it  is  triangular 
in  shape,  being  widest  at 
the  north  and  narrowing 
gradually  to  a  point  at  the 
south. 

It  is  a  little  smaller  than 
North  America. 

The  coast  is  regular,  with 
few  bays,  and  except  in  the 
southwest  there  are  few  islands. 

Relief.  —  South  America,  like  North  Amer- 
ica, has  its  highest  mountain  system  in  the 
west,  a  smaller  highland  in  the  east,  a  plateau 
stretching  east  and  west  in  the  northeast,  and 
a  great  central  plain  stretching  from  north  to 
south  through  the  central  part. 

The  Andes  rise  like  a  continuous  wall  in 
the  west.  There  are  few  passes,  but  many 
snow-capped  peaks  between  three  and  four 
miles  high.  Many  of  these  are  volcanoes. 
Destructive  earthquakes  frequently  occur  in 
this  highland. 

The  broadest  part  of  the  Andes  highland  is 
called  the  Plateau  of  Bolivia,  and  here  the 
Andes  are  made  up  mainly  of  two  ranges, 
each  of  which  borders  the  plateau.  Farther 
north  the  mountains  divide  into  three  ranges, 
with  rup-cred  mountain  valleys  between. 

The  Plateau  of  Brazil  in  the  east  and  the 
Plateau  of  Guiana  in  the  northeast  are 
broader  than  the  Andes,  but  only  half  a  mile 
hi»h.  Both  are  traversed  bv  low,  rounded 
or  even-topped  mountains  rarely  more  than  a 
mile  in  height. 


78 


SOUTH    AMERICA 


On  the  Amazon  River. 

Between  the  Andes  and  the  eastern  high- 
lands, on  the  long  Atlantic  slope,  lies  the  great 
lowland  plain  of  South  America.  This  is 
separated  into  three  parts  by  divides  so  low 
that  they  are  unnoticeable. 

Climate.  —  The  greater  part  of  South  Amer- 
ica lies  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  is  always  hot. 
It  is  only  in  the  south,  which  lies  in  the 
Temperate  Zone,  that  the  year  has  a  warm 
and  a  cold  season.  South  of  the  equator 
winter  occurs  in  our  summer  months. 

The  Ancles  are  so  high  that  even  in 
the  Torrid  Zone  many  of  the  highlands 
are  delightfully  cool  throughout  the  year. 

In  the  Torrid  Zone,  the  winds  blow 
from  the  east.  As  they  ascend  the 
Andes  much  of  their  moisture  is  dropped 
as  rain  on  the  lower  slopes  and  as  snow 
near  the  colder  summits.  For  this  rea- 
son the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes  is 
well  watered,  but  much  of  the  western 
slope  is  a  dry,  parched  desert. 

South  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  the  winds 
blow  from    the  west,  and   thus  the  west  slope 
ind  the  east  slope  is  dry. 

In  many  parts  of  South  America  the  year 
is  divided  only  into  a  wet  and  a  dry  season. 


Rivers.  —  Most  of  South  America  is 
drained  into  the  Atlantic  by  the  three 
great  river  systems  of  the  Orinoco,  the 
Amazon,  and  the  Plata. 

In  the  north  the  central  plain  east  of 
the  Andes  is  called  the  Llanos,  and  is 
drained  by  the  Orinoco  River.  During 
the  rainy  season  this  river  is  flooded,  and 
converts  much  of  this  plain  into  a  swamp. 
The  Orinoco  has  deposited  a  great  delta; 
but  the  river  is  navigable  for  many  hun- 
dred miles. 

Near  the  equator  is  the  Amazon,  the 
largest  river  of  South  America.  Though 
not  so  long  as  the  Mississippi,  it  pours  more 
water  into  the  ocean  than  any  other  river  in 
the  world.  A  thousand  miles  from  its  mouth 
it  is  several  miles  wide,  and  large  steamers  can 
sail  on  its  waters  to  the  base  of  the  Andes. 
It  has  many  large  branches,  especially  on  the 
southern  side,  and  drains  more  than  one  third 


Falls  in  Sao  Francisco  Rives. 

of  all  South  America.  Its  frequent  floods 
convert  the  lower  part  of  its  valley  into  a  vast 
marsh.  Much  of  its  basin  is  covered  with  a 
dense  and  tangled  tropical  forest,  called  the 
Sili<  as. 

The  southern    part    of    South    America    is 


CLIMATE,    DRAINAGE,    LIFE 


79 


drained  chiefly  by  the  Plata  system,  of  which 
the  Parana  and  the  Paraguay  are  the  prin- 
cipal streams.  This  river  basin  contains  great 
stretches  of  grassy  plains  called  the  Pampas. 

The  Sao  Francisco  drains  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Brazilian  highlands,  and  has  falls  where 
it  breaks  throutrh  the  mountains.  It  is  navi- 
gable  above  the  falls,  and  flows  through  a 
fertile  valley  in  which  many  people  live. 

The  streams  of  the  Pacific  slope  are  mere 
mountain  torrents,  many  of  which  dry  up 
before  reaching  the  sea. 

Lakes.  — There  are  many  small  lakes  among 


along  the  streams.     In  the  dry  season,  how- 
ever, much  of  the  upland  becomes  a  desert. 

The  silvas  are  the  densest  forests  in  the 
world.  Mahogany,  rosewood,  and  rubber  trees 
and  many  palms  flourish  in- this  hot,  moist 
region,  and  the  trees  are  so  bound  together 
by  vines,  climbing  plants,  and  air  plants  that 
travel  through  these  forests  is  almost  impos- 
sible except  by  boats  on  the  streams. 

Beautiful  parrots,  humming  birds,  and  other 
birds  abound,  as  well  as  insects  of  beautiful 
colors  and  strange  habits. 

These  forests  contain  many  animals,  the 
fiercest  of  which  is  the  leopardlike  ja- 
guar, and  the  largest  is  the  tapir.  Many 
animals  here  live  in  the  trees.  Great 
troops  of  long-tailed  monkeys  make 
their  way  from  tree  top  to  tree  top; 
and  hanging  from  the  limbs  of  the 
trees  may  be  found  the  slow-moving 
sloth.  The  rivers  and  swamps  are  full 
of  alligators,  and  the  forests  abound  in 
snakes.  The  boa-constrictor  can  crush 
and  swallow  a  good-sized  dog  or  even 
a  calf,  and  the  anaconda  is  the  largest 
snake  in  the  world. 


The  Silvas. 

the  Andes  and  in  the  south.  Lake 
Titicaca  on  the  plateau  of  Bolivia  is 
the  largest  lake  in  South  America  and 
one  of  the  highest  in  the  world.  Its 
outlet  flows  into  a  smaller  lake  which 
has  no  outlet,  and  thus  Lake  Titicaca 
contains  nearly  fresh  water,  while  the 
lake  receiving  its  waters  is  salt. 

Plants  and  Animals.  —  The  llanos 
during  the  rainy  season  are  covered 
with  grasses  and  beautiful  flowers,  and 
millions  of  cattle  and  horses  find  pas- 
turage   on    them.       Trees    grow    only 


ARMADILLOS 


Some  Animals  ok  Sol  in  AmericX. 


8o 


SOUTH    AMERICA 


The  pampas  are  covered  with  high  grass, 
and  furnish  the  best  herding  grounds  in  South 
America.  Here  are  found  the  puma  or  pan- 
ther, armadillos  incased  in  bony  plates,  and 
the  rhea  or  American  ostrich. 

The  lower  slopes  of  the  east  side  of  the 
Andes  in  the  north,  and  the  west  side  in  the 
south,  are  heavily  clothed  with  forests. 

The  chief  animals  in  the  Andes  are  the  llama 
and  alpaca,  which  are  related  to  the  camel, 
but  much  smaller.  The  llama  is  used  as  a 
beast  of  burden,  and  the  wool  of  the  alpaca 
furnishes  a  fine  fiber  for  cloth.  The  condor, 
a  large  bird,  lives  high  up  among  the  Andes. 
It  resembles  a  hawk, 
and  feeds  upon  decay- 
ing animals,  though  it 
is  powerful  enough  to 
attack  and  kill  sheep 
and  small  deer. 

People.  —  South 
America  is  thinly  set- 
tled, especially  in  the 
wet  and  densely 
wooded  silvas.  The 
arid  region  in  the 
south  is  also  sparsely 
inhabited.  The  pampas  and  the  highlands 
have  more  people  because  the  climate  in 
those  regions  is  pleasant  and  healthful.  The 
densest  population  is  found  about  the  mouth 
of  the   Plata  River  and  along  the  fertile  east 

ist. 

The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  were  the 
i  1 1 i<  f  Europeans  who  settled  in  South  Amer- 
ica. The  Spanish  occupied  the  lands  along 
tin-  Andes  highland  and  all  the  southern  end 
of  South  .America,  while  the  Portuguese  set- 
tied  in  the  cast,  chiefly  in  Brazil.  Both  of 
-  people  intermarried  with  the  Indians, 
their  children    were   half-breeds.      Negro 


slaves  were  also  introduced  by  the  Portu- 
guese. In  Brazil,  therefore,  the  people  com- 
prise not  only  Indians  and  descendants  of  the 
Portuguese,  but  also  half-breeds  and  negroes. 
The  languages  spoken  in  South  America 
are  chiefly  Portuguese  in  Brazil,  and  Spanish 
throughout  the  remainder  of  the  grand  divi- 
sion, except  Guiana. 

Wild  Indians  still  live  in  the  silvas,  among 
the  Andes,  and  in  the  deserts  of  the  south. 

Government.  —  The  South  American  coun- 
tries all  belonged  at  one  time  to  European 
nations.  Now  they  are  all  independent  re- 
publics, with  governments  somewhat  like  that 

of  the  United  States, 
except  British,  Dutch, 
and  French  Guiana. 

In  nearly  all  the 
countries  of  South 
America  the  Roman 
Catholic  is  the  pre- 
vailing form  of  reli- 
gious belief. 

Industries. —  The 
chief    occupations    of 


Collecting  Rubber. 


Pll  KING  i  lOFFEE. 

the  people  in   South  America  are  agriculture, 
herding,  and  mining. 


PEOPLE,    INDUSTRIES,   COUNTRIES 


81 


Rro  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

More  than  half  the  world's  supply  of  coffee, 
besides  much  sugar  cane,  rice,  tobacco,  and 
tropical  fruits,  are  grown  near  the  eastern 
and  northern  coasts.  About  half  the  rubber 
used  in  the  world  comes  from  the  silvas. 
Wheat  and  an  herb  called  Mate,  or  Paraguay 
tea,  are  extensively  cultivated  in  the  south.  In 
the  valleys  and  on  the  highlands  of  the  Andes 
are  cultivated  corn,  potatoes,  and  cacao  beans, 
from  which  cocoa  and  chocolate  are  made; 
and  from  the  forests  on  the  east  slope  of 
these  mountains  is  collected  much  Permian 
bark,  of  which  quinine  is  made. 

The  herding  of  cattle  and  horses  is  the 
leading  industry  on  the  pampas  and  llanos, 
and  the  millions  of  sheep  raised  on  the  pam- 
pas yield  a  large  part  of  the  world's  supply  of 
wool.  Wool  is  also  obtained  from  the  alpaca 
and  from  sheep  on  the  Andes  highland. 

There  are  rich  mines  of  silver,  gold,  and 
copper  in  many  parts  of  the  Andes,  coal  is 
mined  in  the  south,  and  nitrate  of  soda,  used 
for  making  fertilizers,  is  abundant  in  the  desert 
region  west  of  the  Andes.  Diamonds  are 
found  in  Brazil,  and  much  gold  is  obtained 
in  the  Guiana  highlands. 

There  are  comparatively  few  railroads  in 
South  America,  and  none  which  extend  far 
into  the  interior.     Hence  the  interior  trade  is 


carried  on  almost  solely  on  the  three  great 
river  systems. 

United  States  of  Brazil. —  Brazil  is  about  as 
large  as  the  United  States,  but  contains  only 
one  fifth  as  many  people. 

The  northwestern  half  i.s  covered  with 
dense  forests,  from  which  rubber,  Brazil  nuts, 
and  cabinet  and  dye  woods  are  obtained. 

The  south  lies  in  the  pampas  region,  where 
cattle,  sheep,  and  horses  are  raised.  Along 
the  east  coast  are  great  sugar  and  tobacco 
plantations,  and  on  the  highland  in  southeast 
Brazil  half  the  coffee  of  the  world  is  grown. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  the  capital,  has  a  fine  harbor 
and  exports  large  quantities  of  coffee.  It  is 
the  second  city  in  South  America.  Pernam- 
6ueo  and  Bahia  are  sugar- and  tobacco-e.xport- 


Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

ing  centers.  Sao  Paulo  is  in  the  coffee-pro- 
ducing region.  Para  ships  the  forest  prod- 
ucts of  the  silvas. 

Argentina,  after  Brazil,  is  the  largest  coun- 
trv  in  South  America. 

The  chief  wealth  of  the  country  consists  in 
the  sheep  and  cattle  herded  on  the  pampas. 
Wool,  hides,  tallow,  cured  beef,  and  other 
animal  products  are  exported.     In  the  Plata 


82 


SOUTH    AMERICA 


Natives  of  Southern  Argentina. 


valley  are  the  best  wheat  lands  of  South  Amer- 
ica, and  much  wheat  is  exported  to  Europe. 

Southern  Argentina  is  a  desert  inhabited 
only  by  wandering  Indians  who  hunt  the 
guanaco,  a  kind  of  llama. 

Argentina  has  more  railroads,  and  is  grow- 
ing in  population  and  prosperity  more  rapidly, 
than  any  other  country  in  South  America. 

BuenOs  Aires  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
southern  hemisphere.  Although  it  has  a  poor 
harbor,  it  is  the  great  shipping  point  of  the 
Plata  basin.  Rosario  and  Cordova  are  im- 
portant  trade  centers. 

Uruguay  is  situated  in  the  Plata  basin,  and, 
like  Argentina,  raises  sheep,  cattle,  and  wheat. 
These  two  countries  furnish  about  one  sixth 
of  the  world's  supply  of  wool. 

Montevideo  is  the  capital  and  chief  seaport. 

Paraguay  is  an  inland  country  in  the  Plata 
basin.  The  chief  pursuits  oi  the  people  are 
cattle  raising,  and  gathering  mate,  which  is 
extensively  used  in  the  place  of  tea  in  South 
Amerii  a. 

Asuncion  is  the  capital. 

Chile  is  a  long,  narrow  country  larger 
than  the  state  of  Texas.  The  climate  is  arid 
in  the  north,  but  very  rainy  in  the  south. 
Near  the  center  the  winters  are  mild  and  wet, 

and  the  summers  dry  and  pleasant. 


The   chief   export   of   Chile   is   nitrate   of 
soda,  or  saltpeter.     It  is  mined  in  the  desert 
region    in    the    north,    and    is    exported    to 
Europe. 

The  short  streams  from  the  Andes  are 
used    to    irrigate    farms    which    produce 
grain,  fruits,  and  potatoes.     Many  sheep 
graze  on  the  mountain  slopes,  and  cop- 
per and  silver  are  mined  extensively. 
Southern      Chile    has    fine    forests    of 
cedar,  oak,  and  beech,  and  valuable  coal 
mines. 

Santiago  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 
Valparaiso  is  the  chief  seaport.  Iquique,  near 
the  mines  of  northern  Chile,  is  the  nitrate- 
shipping  port. 

Bolivia.  —  In  Bolivia  silver  and  tin  are 
mined  ;  grain,  beans,  and  potatoes  are  culti- 
vated ;  cattle,  sheep,  and  llamas  are  herded 
on  the  highland ;  and  Peruvian  bark,  cacao 
beans,  and  rubber  are  collected  in  the  eastern 
forests. 

Sucre  is  the  legal  capital,  though  La  Paz, 
the  largest  city,  is  the  usual  seat  of  govern- 
ment. 

Peru  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Andes.  Its 
rainy  eastern  slopes  are  forest-clad. 


Valparaiso,  Chile. 


C01  ENTRIES 


83 


Most  of  the  people 
live  on  the  city  west- 
ern slope,  and  by  irri- 
gation cultivate  large 
crops  of  sugar,  coffee, 
and  cotton.  These 
products,  together 
with  Peruvian  bark, 
cacao  beans,  rubber, 
and  silver,  are  the 
chief  products  of  the 
country. 

Many  remains  of 
the  ancient,  half-civi- 
lized Indians  called  Incas  are  found  in  Peru, 
and  their  descendants  still  live  in  the  region 
around  their  ancient  capital  Cuzco. 

Lima  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  Callao 
is  its  seaport.  Arequipa  is  an  important  city 
in  the  south. 

Ecuador  is  high  and  mountainous  and  con- 
tains several  of  the  largest  volcanoes  in  the 
world. 

Most  of  the  people  are  Indians,  and  live  on 
the  highlands,  where  the  climate  is  like  per- 
petual spring.  The  chief  product  of  Ecuador 
is  cocoa. 

Quito  is  the  capital.  It  is  nearly  two  miles 
above  sea  level.     Guayaqicil  is  the  seaport. 

Colombia  is  traversed  by  three  chains  of 
the  Andes  in  the  west,  but  slopes  to  the 
llanos  in   the  east. 

Coffee,  gold,  silver,  cattle,  hides,  tobacco, 
and  bananas  are  exported. 

Bogota  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 
Medellin  is  in  the  chief  gold-mining  region. 
Barranquilla  is  a  commercial  center  and  sea- 
port. 

United  States  of  Venezuela.  —  Venezuela  is 
mountainous  in  the  north  and  south,  but  the 
central  part  lies  in  the  llanos. 


& 


Residence,  Bogota,  Colombia. 


Gold  is  mined,  and 
coffee,  cocoa,  and  fruits 
are  produced  in  the 
north.  Cattle  and 
horses  are  raised  on 
the  llanos. 

Caracas  is  the  capi- 
tal and  largest  city. 
Valencia  is  the  chief 
seaport. 

Guiana  is  much  like 
Brazil  in  surface,  cli- 
mate, and  vegetable 
products. 

The  western  part  is  a  British  colony,  the 
central  colony  belongs  to  the  Dutch,  and  the 
eastern  one  to  the  French. 

Sugar,  cocoa,  pepper,  and  gold  are  the  chief 
products.  The  planters  are  whites,  but  the 
laborers  are  chiefly  negroes. 

TEST   EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  South  America?  Where  and  how  is  it  connected 
with  North  America?  Compare  the  two  Americas  in  shape; 
in  size  ;  in  coast  line  and  islands  ;  in  surface  features. 

Describe  the  Andes  highland.  Of  what  ranges  and  plateau 
is  it  composed?  How  dues  it  compare  with  the  Rockv  Moun- 
tains? Describe  the  smaller  highlands  of  South  America. 
What  are  they  called?  Describe  the  great  lowland  plain  of 
South  America. 

What  is  said  of  the  climate  of  South  America  with  respect 
to  heat  and  cold?  with  respect  to  moisture  in  the  Torrid  Zone? 
in  the  Temperate  Zone?  How  is  the  year  divided  into  seasons 
in  South  America? 

What  three  river  systems  drain  most  of  South  America  ? 
Tell  what  you  can  of  the  Orinoco  system  :  of  the  Amazon  svs- 
tem  ;  of  the  Plata  system  :  of  the  Sao  Francisco  system ;  of 
the  streams  flowing  to  the  Pacific:  of  Lake  Titicaca;  of  the 
divides  separating  the  great  river  systems. 

Describe  the  vegetation  and  animal  life  of  the  llanos,  of 
the  silvas.  of  the  pampas,  of  the  Andes.  Where  is  South 
America  most  thinly,  and  where  most  thickly,  settled?  What 
parts  of  South  America  were  settled  by  Spaniards?  by  the 
Portuguese?     What  is  said  of  Indians  and  negroes? 

What  form  of  government  and  what  form  of  religion  are  com- 
mon in  South  America?  What  are  the  most  valuable  vegetable 
products?  animal  products?  mineral  products?  What  is  said 
of  the  trade  routes? 

Describe  the  location,  surface,  chief  products,  and  principal 
cities  of  Brazil.  Argentina.  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  Chile,  Bolivia, 
Peru,  Ecuador,  Colombia,  Venezuela,  Guiana. 


84 


EURASIA 


EURASIA 

EXERCISES   ON    THE    MAP 

See  maps  nf  Hemispheres,  pp.  12,  13.  In  which  conti- 
nent is  Eurasia?  In  what  part  of  the  world  is  it  in 
comparison  with  America?  In  what  zone  is  most  of  it? 
What  oceans  border  it?  What  grand  division  is  to  the 
southwest?  What  isthmus  connects  Eurasia  and  Africa? 
What  two  seas  separate  them  ?  What  smaller  sea  is  con- 
nected with  the  Mediterranean  Sea? 

See  map  of  Eurasia,  p.  102.  —  How  does  Eurasia  com- 
pare in  size  with  North  America  ?  (See  maps  pp.  26  and  102.) 
What  strait  is  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Eurasia?  Follow 
with  your  pencil,  from  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez  to  Bering 
Strait,  the  line  of  dots  which 
passes  near  the  sources  of 
rivers  flowing  into  the  Black 
Sea  and  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
This  line  marks  the  top  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Arctic  Ocean 
slope  of  Eurasia.  From  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez  trace  to 
Bering  Strait  the  other  line 
of  dots  which  passes  near 
the  sources  of  southward  or 
eastward  flowing  rivers. 
This  second  line  marks  the  top  of  the  Indian  and  Pacific 
Ocean  slope  of  Eurasia.  What  sea  and  two  lakes  are  in 
the  region  between  these  two  lines?  These  bodies  of 
water  have  no  outlets,  and  none  of  the  streams  in  this 
region  reach  any  ocean.  What  two  rivers  flow  into  Cas- 
pian Sea?  What  river  is  west  of  the  Volga  River?  What 
waters  would  a  boat  pass  through  in  floating  from  Dnieper 
River  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean?  Why  is  the  Dnieper  River 
said  to  be  on  the  Atlantic  slope? 

Where  is  Caspian  Sea?  What  mountain  range  is  north 
of  Caspian  Sea?  What  range  is  west?  What  is  the  part 
of  Eurasia  called  that  lies  west  of  the  Ural  Mountains  and 
north  of  the  Caucasus?  What  is  the  other  part  of  Eurasia 
called? 

What  great  bay  and  what  sea  indent  the  southern  coast 
of  Asia? 

DESCRIPTION 

Position  and  Size.  —  Eurasia  contains  both 
Europe  and  Asia  and  is  the  largest  grand 
division   in   the  world.      It  is  more   than  twice 


A  Peak  in  the  Caui  asus  Mountains. 


as  large  as  North  America.  It  occupies  the 
northern  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent.  In 
the  northeast  it  is  separated  from  North 
America  by  Bering  Strait,  and  in  the  south- 
west it  is  connected  with  Africa  by  the  Isthmus 
of  Suez. 

Shape  and  Coast  Line.  —  The  shape  of  Eu- 
rasia is  somewhat  like  a  triangle  with  the 
apex  toward  the  west. 

The  coast  line  is  very  irregular.  In  the 
east,  the  coast  seas  are  hemmed  in  by  groups 

of  islands.  More  pen- 
insulas project  from 
Eurasia  than  from  any 
other  grand  division. 

Highlands.  —  A 
large  part  of  Eurasia 
is  highland.  The  prin- 
cipal highland  extends 
from  Bering  Strait 
southwestward  to  cen- 
tral Asia,  and  thence 
northwestward  to  the 
outlet  of  the  Black  Sea.  West  of  this  sea  the 
highland  continues  along  the  northern  border 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Some  of  the  plateaus  and  mountains 
of  this  highland  are  the  most  lofty  in  the 
world.  South  of  the  highland,  spurs  or  de- 
tached highlands  extend  nearly  to  the  coast 
and  form  its  great  peninsulas. 

Lowlands.  —  Most  of  the  northern  part  of 
Eurasia  is  a  lowland,  extending  from  the 
Atlantic  eastward  nearly  to  Bering  Strait. 
This  vast  plain  is  broken  only  by  the  low 
Ural  Mountains  near  its  center,  and  by  the 
low  Kiolen  Mountains  in  the  northwest. 

South  of  the  Ural  Mountains  the  plain  sinks 
below  sea  level,  and  in  this  depression  lies 
Caspian  Sea,  the  largest  lake  in  the  world. 
The  Ural  Mountains  and  Caspian  and  Black 


RELIEF,    DRAINAGE,    PEOPLE 


85 


seas  separate  Europe 
from  Asia. 

On  the  southern  and 
eastern  sides  of  Eu- 
rasia are  several  broad 
isolated  lowlands. 

Drainage.  —  A  vast 
region  in  central  Eu- 
rasia sends  no  drain- 
acre  to  the  ocean. 
This  region  includes 
the  desert  plateau  of 
Gobi  and  part  of  the 
plateau  of  Tibet  in  the 
east;  and  in  the  west  it  includes  the  plateau 
of  Iran  and  most  of  the  lowland  north  of  it 
(see  map  p.  102).  In  the  lowland  portion  are 
several  large  rivers,  but  they  end  in  lakes  such 
as  Caspian  Sea,  Lake  Aral,  and  Lake  Balkash, 
which  have  no  outlet,  and  which  are  conse- 
quently salt.  Most  of  the  highland  portion  is 
a  desert  and  has  but  few  streams. 

North  and  west  of  this  region  of  interior 
drainage,  Eurasia  has  a  long  and  gradual 
slope  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  the  great  arms 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  This  slope  is  trav- 
ersed by  many  large  and  gently  flowing 
rivers  which  are  navigable  when  free  from 
ice.  South  and  east  of  the  region  of  interior 
drainage  the  slope  is  more  abrupt  to  the 
Pacific  and  Indian  oceans.  This  slope  is 
also  traversed  by  many  large  rivers,  and  most 
of  them  are  navigable. 

People.  —  Eurasia  contains  more  than  three 
fourths  of  all  the  people  in  the  world.  Most 
of  them  live  in  the  southeastern  and  north- 
western parts  of  the  grand  division.  These 
are  the  most  thickly  settled  portions  of  the 
world.  The  lowlands  in  the  northeast  and  the 
great  highlands  are  quite  thinly  settled. 

Eurasia   is  occupied  by  the  Caucasian   or 


A  Town  on  the  Caspian  Sea. 


white  race,  and  by  the 
Mongolian  or  yellow 
race. 

The  Caucasian  race 
occupies  nearly  the 
whole  of  Europe,  and 
southwestern  Asia 
from  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  to  the  Bay 
of  Bengal.  The  Eu- 
ropeans and  their  de- 
scendants are  the 
most  highly  civilized 
people  in  the  world. 
The  Caucasians  in  southwestern  Asia  are 
less  civilized  than  the   Europeans. 

The  Mongolian  race  occupies  eastern  and 
northern  Asia  and  extends  westward  into 
Europe  in  the  extreme  north  and  near  the 
Black  Sea. 

The  bulk  of  the  race  is  half  civilized,  though 
some  tribes  in  the  north  are  scarcely  more 
than  savages,  while  the  Japanese  people  in  the 
east  are  quite  civilized. 

The  o-reat  islands  southeast  of  Asia  are 
occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  yellow  race 
sometimes  called  the  Malay  or  Brown  Race. 
This  includes  many  savage  tribes  and  some 
half-civilized  peoples. 

TEST   EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  Eurasia?  What  is  its  general  shape?  Compare 
it  with  North  America  in  size  by  tracing  on  tissue  paper  the 
outline  of  the  North  American  mainland  (p.  26)  and  laying 
the  tracing  on  the  map  of  Eurasia  (p.  102).  Is  its  coast  line 
more  or  less  irregular  than  that  of  North  America?  Which 
coast  is  least  irregular? 

Describe  the  highlands  of  Eurasia:  the  lowlands.  De- 
scribe the  drainage,  slopes,  and  basin-,  oi  Eurasia.  What  does 
the  great  region  of  interior  drainage  indicate  concerning  the 
rainfall  ol  that  region?  What  are  the  two  main  divisions  of 
Eurasia,  and  what  physical  features  serve  to  separate  them? 

What  proportion  of  the  population  of  the  world  does  Eurasia 
contain?  What  parts  of  the  grand  division  are  most  thickly 
settled?  What  races  have  their  home  in  Eurasia?  What  can 
you  say  of  the  Caucasian  race?  of  the  Mongolian?  of  the  .Malay? 


EUROPE 


EUROPE 

EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAP 

Position.  -In  what  zone  is  most  of  Europe?  What 
parallel  of  latitude  passes  through  central  Europe?  Trace 
this  same  parallel  across  North  America  on  map  p.  26. 
What  great  country  of  North  America  lies  in  the  same 
part  of  the  North  Temperate  /one  as  Europe? 

What  land  and  sea  lie  east  of  Europe?  What  oceans 
lie  north  and  west  ?  What  great  sea  lies  south? 
-  Coast  Line.  —  What  sea  indents  the  north  coast?  What 
two  seas  and  bay  indent  the  west  coast?  What  two  gulfs 
extend  inland  from  Baltic  Sea?  What  waters  connect 
Baltic  Sea  with  North  Sea?  What  two  peninsulas  are  west  . 
of  Baltic  Sea?  What  large  island  group  is  west  of  Kurope? 
What  channel  and  strait  separate  it  from  the  mainland? 
What  peninsula  is  between  Bay  of  Biscay  and  Mediter- 
ranean Sea?  What  strait  connects  Mediterranean  Sea 
with  the  Atlantic  ?  What  two  seas  extend  inland  from  the 
Mediterranean T  What  large  sea  is  northeast  of  the  zEgean 
Sea?  How  are  they  connected?  Name  some  islands  of 
the  Mediterranean  belonging  to  Europe. 

Surface.  —  What  part  of  Europe  is  most  mountainous? 
What  mountains  are  north  of  the  Italian  peninsula?  Name 
three  ranges  west  of  the  Alps ;  three  east  of  the  Alps. 
What  mountains  are  in  Italy?  in  Greece?  What  range  is 
east  of  Europe?     What  mountains  are  in  the  northwest? 

Drainage.  —  Trace  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  the  divide  between  the  streams  flowing 
north  or  west,  and  those  flowing  south  or  east.  On  the 
north  slope  mention  two  rivers  that  flow  to' the  Arctic 
waters  ;  three  to  the  Baltic ;  two  to  North  Sea ;  one  to 
English  Channel ;  three  to  Bay  of  Biscay ;  four  to  the 
Atlantic.  On  the  south  slope  mention  two  streams  that 
flow  to  Caspian  Sea ;  four  that  flow  to  the  waters  of 
Black  Sea  ;  one  to  Adriatic  Sea ;  two  to  Mediterranean 
Sea.     Name  two  lakes  in  the  northern  part  of  Europe. 

Countries.  —  What  country  occupies  eastern  Europe? 
Where  is  Sweden?  Norway?  Denmark?  the  German 
Empire?  the  Netherlands?  Austria-Hungary?  Ron- 
mania?  Servia?  Bulgaria?  Turkey?  Greece?  Italy? 
Switzerland?  Belgium?  France?  Spain?  Portugal? 
Name  the  divisions  of  the  British  Isles. 

Cities.  —  Name  and  locate  the  capital  and  chief  cities 
of  each  country  of  Europe. 

Map  Drawing.  —  Sketch  and 
resketch  an  outline  of  the  main- 
land of  Europe  like  this  figure,  but 
larger,  until  you  can  reproduce 
its  shape  quickly  from  memory. 


87 


88 


p:urope 


A  Glacier  in  the  Alps,  Switzerland. 

DESCRIPTION 

Position  and  Size.  —  Europe  is  a  large  pen- 
insula projecting  from  the  northwestern  part 
of  Eurasia.  Like  Canada  it  lies  mostly  in  the 
North  Temperate  Zone,  and  extends  into 
the  Frigid  Zone. 

It  is  but  little  larger  than  the  United  States, 
but  its  population  is  nearly  five  times  as  great. 

The  Coast  is  bordered  by  many  islands,  of 
which  the  British  Isles  are  the  largest  and 
most  important.  The  coast  is  very  crooked, 
with  many  peninsulas,  and  so  deeply  indented 
by  seas,  gulfs,  and  bays  that  no  part  of  western 
Europe  is  more  than  four  hundred  miles  from 
the  sea. 

Surface.  —  The  great  highland  of  Eurasia 
extends  through  southern  Europe,  forming  a 
steep  slope  toward  the  south,  but  a  more  grad- 
ual -lope  to  the  north.  The  highest  moun- 
•  are  the  Alps  and  the  Caucasus;  they 
snow-capped,  and  great  glaciers  creep 
down    their  slopes. 

The  Carpathian  Mountains  extend  eastward 

the    Alps   and    inclose   the   fertile   plains 

of    Hungary.       The   Apennines   and    Pindus 

extend  southeastward  through  the  Italian  and 


Grecian  peninsulas. 
West  of  the  Alps  are 
the  Cevennes  and 
Pyrenees  mountains. 
The  plateaus  south 
of  the  Pyrenees  form 
the  Spanish  penin- 
sula. 

Low     mountains 
traverse  the  peninsula 
of  Norway  and  Swe- 
den   from     northeast 
to  southwest.     They 
rise     abruptly     from 
deep  narrow  bays  or 
fiords  on  the  west  coast,   but  descend  more 
gently  toward  the  plains  on  the  east.     In  the 
north  they  are  covered  with  snow  and  gla- 
ciers. 

The  rest  of  Europe  is  a  smooth  lowland 
plain,  which  is  bordered  on  the  east  by  the 
gentle  slopes  of  the  low   Ural   Mountains. 

Drainage.  —  The  main  divide  of  Europe  ex- 
tends southwestward  from  the  Ural  Mountains 
to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and  is  low  through- 
out most  of  its  length.  The  largest  rivers  lie 
southeast  of  it  and  are  the  Volga,  Don,  Dnie- 


— *      iiaSHE 


Fiord,  Norway. 


RELIEF,  CUM  AT  K,    I.IFK 


89 


per,  and  Danube.  The  most  important  rivers 
of  the  northern  slope  are  the  Vistula,  Elbe, 
Rhine,  Seine,  and  Loire.  The  Danube,  I'". 
Rhone,  and  Rhine  have  formed  great  deltas 
at  their  mouths.  Nearly  all  the  rivers  oi  Eu- 
rope are  used  in  commerce,  the  smaller  ones 
having  been  deepened  and  improved  to  make 
them  navigable,  and  connected  by  canals  with 
neighboring  streams. 

A  vast  number  of  lakes  dot  the  surface 
of  northern  Europe;  of  these  Ladoga  and 
Onega  are  the  lar- 
gest. Many  small 
but  beautiful  lakes 
are  found  in  the 
Alpine  region. 

Climate.- Though 
Europe  is  situated 
farther  north  than 
the  United  States, 
its  climate,  except 
in  the  east,  is  gen- 
erally moister  and 
more  equable,  as  it 
is  open  to  the  mild  c.^m  on 

and  damp  southwest  winds  from  the  Atlantic. 

Eastern  Europe  has  cold  winters  and  warm 
summers  and  is  much  drier  than  western  Eu- 
rope. Most  of  the  rain  here  falls  in  the  sum- 
mer. In  the  northeast  ice  and  snow  lie  on 
the   lowlands  for  many  months. 

Cold  winds  very  rarely  reach  southern  Eu- 
rope south  of  the  great  mountain  ranges,  and 
the  lands  along  the  Mediterranean  have  an 
exceptionally  warm  climate.  The  summers 
there  are  dry,  however,  and  in  most  places 
irrigation  is  needed  for  growing  crops. 

Vegetation.  —  Along  the  shores  of  the  .Arc- 
tic Ocean  is  a  wide  stretch  of  treeless  tundra, 
a  snowy  waste  in  winter  and  a  swamp  in 
summer. 


South  of  the  tundras  most  of  northern 
Europe  is  covered  with  forests  oi  cone-bearing 
trees,  with  fine  forests  of  oak,  beech,  and 
other  hard  woods  farther  south.  The  great 
southern  highland  also  contains  extensive  for- 
ests of  fir,  beech,  and  oak.  Central  Europe 
is  mostly  open  prairie  land,  from  the  well- 
watered  Atlantic  coast  to  the  dry  steppes 
near  the   Caspian   Sea. 

South  of  the  highlands,  the  olive,  myrtle, 
almond,  orange,  mulberry,  and  cork  oak  trees 

are  found. 

Animals.  —  Eu- 
rope has  only  a  few 
kinds  of  large  wild 
animals,  and  these 
are  mostly  confined 
to  the  forest  regions 
of  the  north  and  to 
the  great  highland 
in  the  south.  In 
the  north  are  elk, 
beaver,  reindeer, 
and  some  smaller 
■  in   Rhine.  fur-bearing  animals. 

On  the  southern  highlands  are  found  the 
timid  chamois  and  the  ibex  or  long-horned 
goat.  The  brown  bear,  the  lynx  or  wild  cat, 
and  the  wolf  live  in  both  the  northern  and 
the  southern  region. 

People. —  Europe  is  the  smallest  grand  divi- 
sion, yet  it  contains  nearly  one  fourth  of  the 
people  of  the  world.  It  is  more  thickly  settled 
than  any  other  grand  division. 

The  most  thickly  settled  parts  are  in  the 
west,  and  these  parts  are  most  highly  civilized 
and  have  industries  similar  to  those  of  the 
northern  section  of  the  United  States. 

Most  of  the  people  belong  to  the  Caucasian 
race,  but  in  the  northeast  and  southeast  there 
are  many  people  of  Mongolian  descent. 


go 


EUROPE 


j  I;  VPES,  : 
Europe. 


Industries.  —  All 
the  industries  of  man 
are  necessary  to  sup- 
port a  high  state  of 
civilization,  and  all 
the  industries  are  car- 
ried on  in  Europe. 

The  raising  of 
grain  and  domestic 
animals  is  important 
in  nearly  all  parts  of 


ships  and  machinery  to  needles  and  pins,  are 
also  made  here  in  great  quantities.  But  be- 
sides these,  nearly  every  kind  of  article  used 
by  man  is  made  in  western  Europe. 

The  mining  of  coal  and  iron  and  other  use- 
ful minerals  is  very  important  in  many  locali- 
ties ;  and  lumbering  in  the  north,  and  the 
fisheries  throughout  the  Ions:  coast  line  "are 
very  valuable. 

There  are  so  many  people  in  Europe  that, 
in  spite  of  the  great 
quantity  of  grain  and 
meat  produced,  most 
of  the  countries  have 
to  import  food  as  well 
as  raw  materials  from 
countries 


foreign 


in 


the  grand  division,  but  especially  in  the  plains 
of  Russia  and  Hungary,  which  may  be  called 
the  granary  of  Europe.  In  the  north  cen- 
tral part  are  also  raised  great  quantities  of 
beets  for  making  sugar  and  flax  for  making 
linen.  Throughout  the  southern  part  many 
people  are  occupied  in  the  raising  of  grapes 
for  wine  and  raisins,  the  raising  of  olives, 
oranges,  lemons,  and  chestnuts,  and  the  rear- 
ing of  silkworms. 

Manufacturing  is  perhaps  the  most  impor- 
tant industry  of  western  Europe.  This  is 
the  great  cloth-making  region  of  the  world. 
Cotton,  woolen,  linen,  and  silk  are  woven 
here  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  any- 
where else.  Iron  and  steel  and  all  kinds  of 
articles  composed  of  these  metals,  from  steam- 


exchange  for  manufac- 
tured articles.  This 
gives  rise  to  a  very 
great  commerce.  The 
commerce  is  carried  on 
by  means  of  railways, 
harvestino  wheat,  France.  rivers,  and  canals,  and 

by  coasting  vessels,  between  the  various  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  and  by  a  great  number  of 
ocean  vessels,  which  trade  with  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

Countries.  —  Europe  is  divided  into  about 
twenty  countries,  the  people  of  which  have 
different  languages  and  customs. 


In  Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  France,  anil  Belgium  the  peo- 
ple speak  languages  derived  from  the  Latin  ;  hence  these 
countries  are  called  the  Latin  Countries.  North  and  north- 
east of  these  lie  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Germany,  Den- 
mark, Norway  and  Sweden,  Austria,  and  Switzerland. 
Languages  resembling  the  German  are  spoken  in  these 
countries  and  consequently  they  are  called  the  Germanic 
Countries.  Russia,  Bulgaria,  Servia,  and  Montenegro  are 
called  Slavonic  Countries,  because  the  languages  spoken 
in  these  resemble  that  spoken  by  an  ancient  tribe  of 
pi  o]  ile  called  Slavs. 


COUNTRIES 


91 


Religion  and  Government. — All  the  countries 
of  Europe,  except  Turkey,  profess  belief  in 
the  Christian  religion. 

The  Turks  profess  the  Mohammedan  reli- 
gion; they  believe  in  God,  but  hold  Moham- 
med to  be  his  prophet. 

Two  of  the  twenty  countries  of  Europe  are 
republics,  France  and  Switzerland.  All  the 
rest  are  monarchies.  Most  of  these  coun- 
tries, however,  are  limited  monarchies,  in 
which  the  people  have  a  voice  in  making 
the  laws.  Only  two,  Russia  and  Turkey,  are 
absolute  monarchies,  in  which  the  chief  ruler 
has  absolute  power  both  to  make  and  to 
execute  the  laws. 

TEST   EXERCISES  FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  Europe?  What  part  of  North  America  is  in  the 
same  latitude?  Compare  it  in  size  with  the  United  States  by 
tracing  on  tissue  paper  the  outline  of  our  country  (p.  33)  and 
laying  the  outline  over  the  map  of  Europe  (p.  86).  Why 
is  no  part  of  western  Europe  very  far  from  the  sea?  What  are 
its  principal  peninsulas  and  seas? 

Describe  the  general  surface  of  Europe  ;  the  principal  moun- 
tain ranges:  the  great  lowland.  Where  is  the  main  divide  of 
Europe?  Describe  the  more  important  rivers.  Which  have 
deltas?     Where  are  the  lake  regions? 

Describe  the  climate  of  western  and  central  Europe  ;  of 
eastern  Europe ;  of  southern  Europe.  Describe  the  general 
character  of  the  vegetation  in  the  different  parts  of  Europe. 
What  kinds  of  wild  animals  are  there? 

How  does  Europe  compare  with  the  United  States  in  popu- 
lation? What  part  of  Europe  is  most  thickly  peopled?  To 
what  race  do  most  of  the  people  belong?  What  are  the 
most  important  agricultural  productions?  What  is  the  chief 
industry  of  western  Europe?  its 
chief  products?  Why  is  the 
commerce  of  Europe  very  great? 
How  is  it  carried  on  ? 

How  may  the  countries  of 
Europe  be  divided  into  three 
groups?  What  countries  are  in 
each  group?  How  do  the  Turks 
differ  from  all  other  Europeans? 
In  what  respect  is  Russia  like 
Turkey?  In  what  respect  do 
France  and  Switzerland  differ 
from  all  other  European  coun- 
tries? 

The  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land occupies  the  British 


<  01  ntry  Cottage,  Ireland. 


Bridgi   oveb  mi   Firth  of  Forth,  Scotland. 
Isles.      The  largest  island,  called  Great  Brit- 
am,  contains  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  together  are 
about  twice  as  large  as  New  England.  But 
their  population  is  half  that  of  the  United 
States. 

Northern  Scotland,  northwestern  England, 
Wales,  and  parts  of  Ireland  are  traversed  by 
low,  picturesque  mountains,  among  which  are 
beautiful  clear  lakes. 

The  climate  is  equable  and  moist,  but  dense 
fogs  are  frequent.  The  moisture  makes  the 
vegetation  so  fresh  and  green  that  Ireland  is 
often  called  the  "  Emerald  Isle." 

Many  of  the  rivers  of  the  British  Isles  have 
wide  and  deep  mouths,  or  estuaries,  which  in 
Scotland  are  called  Firths. 

Though  eastern  England,  southern  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland  have 
much  fertile  soil,  yet 
the  farmers  raise  only  a 
small  part  of  the  food 
needed  by  the  people. 
The  pastures  support 
many  sheep  and  cows  ; 
but  meats,  dairy  prod- 
ucts, and  wool,  as  well 
as  wheat  and  flour,  are 
imported  in  large  quan- 
tities. 


92 


EUROPE 


The  chief  industry  in  the  British  Isles,  and 
particularly  in  England,  is  manufacturing. 
More  cotton  and  woolen  cloth  is  made  than 
in  any  other  country,  and  much  linen  is  also 
woven.  Coal  and  iron  are  abundant,  and 
much  iron  and  steel,  machinery  of  all  kinds, 
and  tools  and  cutlery  are  manufactured,  and 
great  numbers  of  iron  and  steel  ships  are  built. 

Great  Britain  has  more  ships  than  any 
other  country,  and  these  are  constantly  en- 
gaged in  importing  food 
and  raw  materials,  such 
as  cotton,  wool,  flax, 
hides,  iron  ore,  lumber, 
etc.,  and  in  shipping 
away  the  varied  manu- 
factures to  all  parts  of 
the  world. 

The  government  is  a 


Edinbi  rgh. 

limited  monarchy.  The  laws  arc  made  by 
.1  Parliament,  composed  of  men,  most  of 
whom  are  chosen  by  the  people.  The  laws 
an-  enforced  in  the  name  <>f  the  king  by 
ministers  controlled   by   Parliament. 

Great    Britain   has  possessions  in  .-ill  the  f,'ran<l  divisions 

and  in  many   isl  ind        the  most  important  are  Canada,  the 

ralia,  [ndia  in  Asia,  and  southern    Africa. 

tin     mothei   country  with  all   her  possessions  forms  the 

Empire. 


Loudon,  the  largest 
city  and  greatest  sea- 
port in  the  world,  is 
the  capital.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Thames 
estuary. 
Liverpool.  G  lasgozv,  in   Scot- 

land, is  a  great  center  of  manufacturing  and 
shipbuilding.  Liverpool,  another  great  sea- 
port, has  immense  exports  of  manufactured 
goods  and  imports  of  raw  materials  and 
food.  Manchester  makes  more  cotton  goods 
than  any  other  city  in  the  world.  Sheffield 
makes  knives,  razors,  and  scissors,  besides 
many  other  iron  and  steel  goods.  Edinburgh 
is  the  chief  educational  center  and  old  capital 
of  Scotland.  Dublin  is  the  capital  of  Ire- 
land. Belfast  is  a  center  of  linen  manufac- 
ture. 

The  German  Empire.  —  Germany  occupies 
a  broad  plain  along  the  Baltic  and  North 
seas.  Through  this  plain  flow  several  noble 
rivers,  of  which  the  Rhine  is  most  noted. 

Germany  is  famous  for  its  schools  and 
universities,  and  its  great  writers  and  musi- 
cians.     It  has  a  large  and  line  army. 


COUNTRIKS 

"1 


93 


Castle,  i  Iermany. 


The  country  is  one  of  the  most  produc- 
tive in  Europe.  Great  crops  of  sugar  beets, 
potatoes,  rye,  and  fruits  are  cultivated.  Many 
steep  hillsides  are  terraced  and  planted  with 
vines. 

The  mountains  are  rich  in  coal,  iron,  zinc, 
and  silver;  and  manufacturing  is  very  active. 
Iron,  steel,  cannon,  sugar,  woolen  and  linen 
goods,  and  toys  are  the  most  important  prod- 
ucts. 

Many  little  countries  formerly  occupied  this 
region,  but  in  1871  they  were  united  into  the 
German  Empire.  The  king  of  Prussia  is  em- 
peror of  Germany.  It  is  his  duty  to  enforce 
the  laws  made  by  rep- 
resentatives of  the 
people. 

Berlin,  the  capital, 
is  one  of  the  largest 
cities  of  Europe,  and 
is  noted  for  its  pal- 
aces, parks,  and  great 
schools.  Hamburg,  on 
the  Elbe,  is  a  great 
seaport.  Munich  has 
picture  galleries  and 
breweries.      Cologne, 


-U      a 

jfc^S"*1 

■ — wmW  *9*t  J^Mi  lew 

r      m 

pry 

\ 

' 

llraX 

1H\ 

mBL 

1 

B^k^^^-MiI 

^^ 

~&.—     ■""^ 

■-•'■-" 

5 — " 

WlNDMlLl  s,  Holland. 


a  Street  in  Berlin. 

on  the  Rhine,  is  the  center  of  a  great  manu- 
facturing district.  Breslau  has  irreat  cotton 
mills. 

The  Netherlands,  or  Holland,  is  so  low  that 
embankments  of  earth,  called  Dikes,  are  built 
along  the  shore  to  prevent  the  sea  from  over- 
flowing the  country. 

The  water  which  collects  on  the  surface  is 
pumped  up  by  great  windmills  into  canals 
which  traverse  the  country  in  many  direc- 
tions. 

In  the  summer  boats  sail  on  many  of  the 
canals ;  and  in  the  winter  when  the  canals  arc- 
frozen,  men,  women,   and   children   go  about 

on  skates. 

The  people  of  Hol- 
land are  called  Dutch. 
They  are  energetic,  in- 
dustrious, and  thrifty, 
and  therefore  wealthy. 
They  are  excellent 
farmers  and  raise  large 
quantities  of  grain, 
potatoes,  and  sugar 
beets.  The  low  grassy 
meadows  make  excel- 
lent pasturage,  and 


94 


EUROPE 


and    herring:    are    caueht   in    great    numbers, 
especially  near  the  Lofoden   Islands. 

The    lower   slopes    of    the    mountains    are 
covered  with  Norway  pine,  and  much  lumber 


AMSTB  i:  I  > AM. 


fine   cattle,  butter,  and   cheese   are   produced 
and  exported. 

Clay  is  abundant,  and  many  tiles  and  bricks 
are  made. 

The  Dutch  have  possessions  in  the  East 
and  West  Indies  and  own  a  part  of  Guiana 
in  South  America. 

Amsterdam,  the  largest  city,  is  one  of  the 
greatest  seaports  of  Europe.  Canals  run 
through  the  streets.  Diamond  cutting  em- 
ploys many  people  in  this  city.  The  Hague 
is  the  capital. 

Norway  and  Sweden  oc- 
cupy the  Scandinavian 
peninsula. 

Norway  is  full  of  low, 
rugged  mountains, crowned 
in  many  places  with  snow 
and  ice.  The  valleys  in  the 
north  are  filled  with  gla- 
i  iers.  Sweden  is  smoother 
and  contains  many  shal- 
low lakes  and  marshes  in 
the  i 

I  In-  west  coast  is  deeply 
cut  by  many  narrow  fiords, 
wlii<  li  make  it  favorable  to 
fishing  and  commerce.  Cod 


Haymaking,  Norway. 

is  cut  and  sawed  and  either  used  for  build- 
ing ships  at  home  or  sent  to  other  European 
countries. 

In  Sweden  grain,  potatoes,  and  some  fruits 
are  grown.     Cattle,  sheep,  and  small   horses 
are   pastured  on  the  mountain  slopes  of  both 
countries. 

The  winters  are  long 
and  very  cold,  and  the 
streams  and  lakes  are 
frozen  over  for  months  at 
a  time.  The  extreme  north- 
ern part  of  Norway  lies  in 
the  Frigid  Zone.  During 
the  longest  days  of  the 
year  the  sun  does  not  set 
there  at  all,  but  can  be 
seen  above  the  horizon  all 
night  long  for  more  than 
two  months.  Laplanders 
live  in  that  region.  They 
raise  reindeer  and  get  most 
Lai.ianmi  of  their  food  and  clothing 


nU'XTRIKS 


95 


from  them.  These  ani- 
mals are  also  used  to 
draw  the  people  about 
in  sledges. 

For  many  years 
Sweden  and  Norway 
were  under  the  same 
king,  but  now  each 
country  is  a  separate 
kingdom. 

Stockholm  is  the  capital  of  Sweden.  Chris- 
tiania  is  the  capital  of  Norway. 

Denmark  occupies  the  peninsula  south  of 
Norway  and  several   islands  in  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Hills  or  dunes  of  sand  along  the  western 
shore  form  natural  dikes  to  the  lowlands  of 
the  peninsula.  Within  the  dunes  are  meadow 
lands  on  which  are  pastured  fine  cattle,  horses, 
and  sheep.     Much  grain  is  raised. 

The  Danes  are  good  sailors  and  fishermen, 
and  control  the  fisheries  of  Iceland  and 
Greenland. 

Copenhagen,  on  an  island,  is  the  capital  and 
largest  city. 

Austria-Hungary  is  made  up  of  two  coun- 
tries, Austria  and  Hungary.  It  is  a  mon- 
archy governed  by  an  emperor,  but  the  laws 
are  made  by  representatives  of  the  people. 


USE,    Vl] 


Austria  contains 
man)'  mountains  and 
valleys,  while  Hun- 
gary is  a  great  treeless 
plain,  bordered  by  the 
Carpathian  Moun- 
tains. 

The    Danube   flows 
through     both     coun- 
tries and  in  its  upper 
course  is  a  very  beautiful  river. 

Most  of  the' Austrians  are  German-speak- 
ing people,  but  many  of  the  people  of  Hun- 
gary are  descended  from  the  yellow  race. 

In  some  parts  of  Austria,  the  people  are 
engaged  in  carving  toys.  In  other  parts  glass, 
leather  goods,  and  pianos  are  manufactured. 
The  fertile  plains  of  Hungary  produce  wheal 
tobacco,  and  sugar  beets,  and  the  mountain 
slopes  form  excellent  grazing  lands.  The 
vine  is  widely  cultivated,  and  the  orange  and 
lemon  grow  in  the  south. 

Vienna,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  finest  cities  of  Europe.  It  is 
noted  for  its  schools  of  medicine,  and  the 
manufacture  of  leather  goods  and   pianos. 

Budapest  the  capital  of  Hungary,  has  very 
extensive  flour   mills.     Prague    manufactures 


Scene  in  the  Austrian  Alps, 


iding  Grain  Boa  is,  Budai  est. 


96 


EUROPE 


Post  Office,  Geneva 


engines.    Trieste  is  the 
seaport. 

Switzerland  is  much 
visited  because  of  its 
fine  scenery.  The 
mountain  tops  are  cov- 
ered with  perpetual 
snow,  and  more  than 
four  hundred  glaciers 
i  reep  down  the  upper 
valleys. 


Geneva,  on  Lake  Geneva,  is  noted  for  its 
watches  and  music  boxes.  .  Zurich  is  the 
largest  city.     Bern   is  the  capital. 

REVIEW   ON   GERMANIC   EUROPE 

Where  is  the  United  Kingdom  of  C.reat  Britain  and  Ireland? 
How  does  it  compare  with  our  country  in  size  and  population? 
Describe  the  coast  line  and  surface  ;  the  climate  and  vegetation  : 
the  chief  industry  ;  the  commerce  :  the  government.  What  is 
the  British  Empire?     Characterize  the  chief  cities. 

Where  is  the  German  Empire?  Describe  its  surface  and 
drainage;  its  people  and  industries:  its  government.  Char- 
acterize the  chief  cities. 

Describe  the  Netherlands  and  its  drainage;  the  people  and 

their  industries.  What  are 
its  colonies?  Characterize 
its  chief  city. 

Where  are  Norway,  Swe- 
den, and  Denmark?  De- 
scribe each  country  and 
mention  its  chief  industries. 
Characterize  the  chief  city 
of  each. 

Where  is  Austria -Hun- 
gary? Describe  the  surface 
and  drainage ;  the  people 
and  their  principal  indus- 
tries. Characterize  the  chief 
cities. 

Where  is  Switzerland? 
Describe  the  surface,  peo- 
ple government,  and  indus- 
tries. Characterize  the  chief 
cities. 


The  people  in  the  mirth  speak  German,  in 
the  south,  Italian,  and  in  the  west,  French. 
Their  government  is  a  republic. 

The  mountain  slopes  are  fine  pasturing  lands, 
and  butter  and  cheese  of  the  finest  quality  are 
made.  Many  of  the  herdsmen  are  skillful  carv- 
ers,  and  cut  beautiful  boxes, 
toys,  and  images  out  of  wood 
while  the)-  wat<  h  their  flocks. 

in  tin-  (  ities  jewelry,  watches, 
music  boxes,  and   carved   toys 
-  well  as  linens,  rib- 
bons, and  other  woven  goods. 

Two  railroads  pass  through 
tunnels  nine  and   twelve  miles 
•  undei  the  Alps  and  con 
t  this  country  with   Italy. 


Farm  Scene,  Switzerland. 
France 


is   about   as    large   as    the    German 


Silkworm. 


Empire,   but   is   not   so   thickly   settled.      It  is 

one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  highly  civilized 

countries  of  Europe. 

It    lies  chiefly  in   the  fertile  lowland   plain, 

but  in  the  southeast  and  south  there  are 
many  picturesque  mountains. 
Among  the  most  famous  is 
Mont  Blanc,  the  highest  peak 
of  the  Alps. 

In  the  lowlands,  where  the 
climate  is  mild  and  moist, 
grain,  sugar  beets,  and  pota- 
toes are  cultivated.  Cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs  are  raised  in 
large  numbers,  and  fine  cheese 
is  exported. 


COUNTRIES 


9/ 


Brussi 

In  the  south  millions  of  mulberry  trees  are 
carefully  tended  and  their  leaves  used  as  the 
food  of  silkworms.  Grapes,  olives,  and  other 
fruits  are  also  grown  there,  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  fine  wines  and   olive  oil  are  made. 

The  French  people 
are  noted  for  their  taste 
and  skilled  workman- 
ship. Much  of  the  silk 
and  velvet  of  the  world 
is  manufactured  by  these 
people,  as  well  as  cot- 
ton, woolen,  and  linen 
cloth,   and    many  fancy 


articles.     The  vase>  and  fine  chinaware  made 
in  France  are  famous. 

The  government  ol   France  is  a  republic. 

France  controls  much  <>f  northern  .Africa, 
the  island  of  Madagascar,  part  of  southeastern 
Asia,  9hd  French  ( iuiaria. 

/'(/ns,  the   capital   of    France,   is   the   m 
beautiful  city  in  the  world,  and,  next  to  Lon- 
don, the  largest  in  Europe. 

Lyons  is  the  great  center  of  silk  manufac- 
ture. Bordeaux  is  in  the  region  of  vineyards. 
Marseilles  is  the 
chief  seaport. 

Belgium  in  one 
of  the  smallest  and 
the  most  thickly 
settled  countries 
of   Europe. 


i  Peasants. 


In    the    north    large 
crops    ot    grain, 


t'  ies, 


pota- 
vegetables,    and 


Boulevard,  Paris. 


susrar  beets  are  grown. 

The    hilly  country   in 

the     south     is     sterile, 

but    is    underlain   with 

rich   deposits   of    coal    and    iron.      The    chief 

pursuit    is    manufacturing    lace,   carpets,    and 

iron  and  steel. 

The  people  in  the  northern  part  of  Belgium 
speak  a  language  much  like  the  I  hitch.  In 
the  south,  however,  the  French  language  is 
spoken. 

Brussels,  noted  for  its  carpets  and  lace 
manufacture,  is  the  capital.  Antwerp  is  a 
large  and  busy  port  of  foreign  trade. 


98 


EUROPE 


Spain  and  Portugal, 
two  independent  coun- 
tries, occupy  the  Span- 
ish peninsula,  which 
is  traversed  by  many 
mountain  ranges  and 
is  generally  high  and 


rugged. 


The  valleys  contain 
fertile  lands  on  which 


-*£*=» 


are  grown  gram,  peas, 
onions,  garlic,  and  beans.  The  mountain 
slopes  have  good  pasturage,  and  cattle,  merino 
sheep,  and  goats  are  herded.  Along  the  hot 
and  sunny  Mediterranean  slopes  are  fine  vine- 
yards, great  orchards  of  prunes,  and  many 
olive,  orange,  and  lemon  groves. 

From  the  bark  of  the  cork  oak  of  Portugal 
is  obtained  much  of  the  cork    of   the  world. 


Charcoal  Seller,  Spain. 


Lisbon. 


Spain  is  rich  in  minerals.  Copper,  lead,  and 
quicksilver  are  extensive])'  mined,  and  iron 
and  coal  are  abundant.  The  chief  wealth  of 
Portugal  comes  from  its  broad  fertile  valleys. 
In  these  are  many  vineyards,  furnishing  the 
grapes  for  making  the  famous  "  Port  "  wine. 

The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  were  once  fa- 
mous sailors,  and  both  countries  had  many  (  olo- 


nies   in    various    parts 
of  the  world.   Through 
bad  government  those 
in  America  have  been 
entirely  lost.  Spain  has 
no  colonies  of    impor- 
tance, while    Portugal 
still  owns  parts  of  Af- 
rica and  some  islands. 
Each  of  these  coun- 
tries is  a  monarchy. 
Madrid,    the    capital     and    largest    city    of 
Spain,    is    an    interior    city    on    the    plateau. 
Barcelona  is  the  chief   seaport.      Valencia  is 
also  a  noted  port  with  some  manufactures. 

Lisbon,  the  capital  of  Portugal,  is  a  busy 
seaport.  Oporto  is  in  the  wine-producing 
region. 

Italy  occupies  the  central  one  of  the  three 
southern  peninsulas  of  Europe.  Through  it 
extend  the  Apennine  Mountains.  On  the 
north  are  the  high  Alps,  always  capped  with 
snow.  Italy  contains  two  of  the  most  noted 
volcanoes  of  Europe,  Vesuvius  and  Etna. 
The  islands  of  Sardinia  and  Sicily  form  part 
of  Italy,  but  Corsica  belongs  to  France. 

The  plain  of  the    Po  in  the  north  is  one  of 


I-'akmvakh,  Italy. 


COUNTRIES 


99 


Ancient  Ruins,  Rome. 


the  most  fertile  regions  in  Europe.  On  it 
and  in  other  level  river  valleys  are  grown 
much  wheat,  corn,  oats,  and  rice,  and  many 
mulberry  trees. 

More  raw  silk  is  produced  in  Italy  than  in 
any  other  country  in  Europe.  Much  flax  is 
also  grown,  and  on  the  hill  and  mountain 
slopes  are  fine  vineyards  and  chestnut  groves. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  country,  where 
the  climate  is  hotter,  though  drier,  many 
oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  and  olives  are  pro- 
duced. 

The    people    have    dark    complexions    and 
black    hair    and    eyes.       Many    of    the    great 
musicians,  painters,  and 
sculptors   of   the   world 
have  been  Italians. 

Rome,  the  capital,  was 
one  thousand  years  ago 
the  greatest  city  in  the 
world.  It  is  full  of  in- 
teresting buildings,  and 
is  the  residence  of  the 
Pope. 

Naples  is  the  largest 
city,  and  is  a  busy  sea- 
port. Macaroni  Sellei 


Grand  Canal,  Venii  i  . 

Milan  is  a  fine  commercial  city  in  the  fer- 
tile valley  of  the  Po.  Venice  is  built  on  a 
number  of  islands,  and  canals  take  the  place 
of  streets.  The  people  go  about  in  boats 
called  Gondolas. 

Greece  is  a  small   kingdom  which  occupies 
the   eastern    peninsula   of    the    Mediterranean 
coast.      The    surface    is    traversed   by   moun- 
tains, but  there  are  beautiful  and  fertile  valleys. 
In    these    are    cultivated    wheat,    barley,    and 
grapes,   small    grapes  called    currants,   olives, 
and   other  fruits.      On    the    mountain    slopes 
the  people  have  flocks  of   sheep  and  goats. 
Although  now  unimportant,  Greece   is   fa- 
mous   for     its    ancient 
greatness.    Twenty-five 
hundred    years    ago    it 
extended  fai  beyond  its 
present  boundaries,  and 
was  the  must  powerful 
and  cultured  nation  in 
the  world. 

Athens,  the  capital, 
was  oner  famous  as  the 
center  of  the  world's 
learning  and  civiliza- 
tion.     It   is   now   inter- 


IOO 


EUROPE 


Ml  -I  l  M,  Moscow. 

esting  chiefly  for  the  ruins  of  its  ancient  build- 
ings and  for  its  art  treasures. 

Russia  occupies  the  eastern  half  of  Europe 
and  three  times  as  large  an  area  in  Asia. 

Russia  in  Europe  is  a  vast  level  plain.  In 
the  north  the  country  is  a  frozen  tun- 
dra. South  of  this  lies  a  forest  belt 
which  occupies  nearly  one  third  of  Rus- 
sia, and  still  farther  south  lies  a  vast  fer- 
tile plain  on  which  nearly  three  fourths 
as  much  wheat  is  grown  as  in  the  United 
States.  Large  crops  of  flax  and  rye  are 
also  cultivated,  and  great  numbers  of 
cattle  and  sheep  are  herded.  The  rye 
i-s  used  by  the  people  for  bread,  and 
-t  ot  the  wheat  is  sold  to  other  coun- 
tries. 

rhe  Ural  Mountains  contain  minerals, 
and  most  of  the  platinum  of  the  world  is 
obtained  in  tin-  southern   pari   of  these 
ranges.     South   of  tin-   Caucasus    Mountains 
the  greatest  petroleum  wells  in  the  world. 

Iln-   Russian    Empire   is   ruled  by  a  mon 
an  li   (ailed  the   Czar.     The   people   have   no 
part   in   making  the  laws. 

The  noblemen  in  Russia  are  rich,  but  most 
of  the  peasants  are  poor  and  ignorant. 


Laplanders  and  other  people  of  the  yel- 
low race  live  in  the  north.  Some  of  them 
are  fishermen,  but  many  roam  from  place  to 
place  with  their  herds  of  reindeer,  whose  milk 
and  flesh  furnish  food,  and  whose  skins  fur- 
nish clothing.  Yellow  people  called  Cossac/cs 
live  in  the  south  and  are  famous  horsemen 
and  soldiers   in  the   Russian   army. 

St.  Petersburg,  the  capital,  is  a  great  sea- 
port, and  the  largest  city  of  Russia. 

Moscow  is  the  winter  residence  of  the  Czar 
and  the  great  railway  center  of  Russia.  Odessa 
is  an  important  grain-shipping  port  on  the 
Black  Sea.  Nizhni  Novgorod  is  famous  for 
its  annual  fairs. 

The  Balkan  Countries  comprise  Turkey  in 
Europe,  Roumania,  Bulgaria,  Servia,  and 
Montenesro.  All  of  these,  together  with 
Greece,  were  formerly  under   the  oppressive 


Kl  ssl  \N    OH      Wills. 

rule    of     the    Turks,    but    one    after    another 
Freed    itself,  until    now   only  a    small    part    of 
the  Balkan  peninsula  is  left  as  a  part  of  the 
Turkish   Empire. 

The  Turks  came  from  central  Asia  and 
belong  to  the  yellow  race.  They  are  fierce 
and  warlike,  and   many  years  ago   conquered 


COUNTRIES 


IOI 


^ ^SJ* 


southwestern  Asia  south 
of  the  Black  Sea,  and  then 
gradually  extended  their 
rule  over  the  Balkan  pen- 
insula. 

The  Balkan  countries 
have  a  rough  mountainous 
surface,  in  many  places 
clothed  with  oak  and  pine 
forests.  Roumania  and  Bul- 
garia, however,  lie  partly  in 
the  valley  of  the  Danube, 
in  which  the  soil  is  very 
fertile  and  adapted  to  grow- 
ing large  crops  of  grain. 
Grapes  and  roses  are  grown 
on  the  mountain  slopes, 
and  fine  wines  and  attar  of 
roses  are  made. 

Servia  and  Montenegro  are  high  and  rugged 
and  have  large  forests.  Many  swine  feed  on 
the  acorns  in  the  forests,  and  cattle  are  raised. 
Corn  is  grown  in  the  river  valleys  and  forms 
the  chief  food  of  the  people. 

Each  of  these  four  countries  is  a  limited 
monarchy,  the  chief  ruler  being  a  king  or 
prince,  while  the  people  have  a  voice  in  mak- 
ing the  laws. 

In  Turkey,  the  gov- 
ernment is  an  abso- 
lute monarchy  which 
is  very  oppressive. 
The  ruler,  called  the 
Sultan,  appoints  gov- 
ernors called  Pashas, 
who  often  rob  and  al- 
ways heavily  tax  the 
people. 

On  account  of  the 
oppression  of  the  gov- 
ernment, little  of  the 


Turkish  Lady. 


land  is  cultivated.  Some 
grapes,  olives,  grain,  tobac- 
co, and  silk  are  produced, 
and  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats 
are  raised.  Beautiful  Turk- 
ish rugs  and  carpets,  as 
well  as  much  leather,  are 
manufactured  by  hand. 

Constantinople  is  the 
capital  and  chief  city  of 
the  Turkish  Empire.  It 
has  a  fine  harbor  and  con- 
tains beautiful  palaces,  gar- 
dens, and  mosques.  The 
streets,  however,  are  nar- 
row, dirty,  and  unpaved, 
and  most  of  the  people 
live  in  miserable  houses. 


Street  in  Constantinople 


REVIEW  ON  LATIN   AND   SLAVONIC  EUROPE 

Where  is  France?  Describe  the  surface  and  drainage: 
the  climate  and  productions ;  the  people  and  government. 
What  possessions  has  it?     Characterize  the  chief  cities. 

Where  is  Belgium?  Describe  its  people,  productions,  and 
cities. 

Where  are  Spain  and  Portugal?  Describe  the  surface  and 
drainage.  What  are  the  principal  productions?  Tell  what 
you  can  of  the  people,  government,  and  foreign  possessions. 
Characterize  the  chief  cities  of  each  country. 

Where  is  Italy?     What  islands  belong  to  it?     Describe  the 

surface  and  drainage  ;  the  cli- 
mate and  productions.  Name 
its  great  volcanoes.  What  is 
said  of  the  people?  Char- 
acterize the  chief  cities. 

Locate  and  describe 
Greece.  For  what  is  this 
country  famous  ?  Characterize 
its  chief  city. 

Where  is  Russia?  De- 
scribe its  surface  and  drain- 
age. What  are  the  chief 
productions?  Tell  what  you 
can  of  the  people  and  govern- 
ment. Characterize  the  chief 
Cities. 

Name  and  locate  the  Bal- 
kan countries.  Describe  the 
•.hi  face  and  drainage  ;  the  peo- 
ple and  productions  of  each. 
Tell  what  you  can  of  Con- 
stantinople. 


ASIA 


103 


ASIA 

EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Position. —  In   what   direction   is  Asia  from   Europe? 

What    natural    features    partly    separate    them?      What 

1.    border    Asia?      In    what  zones    is    it?     Compare 

its    most   northern   and   southern    points    with    points    in 

America  in  about   the  same  latitudes. 

Coast.  —  Name  two  peninsulas  on  the  east  coast ; 
three  on  the  south  coast;  one  on  the  west  coast.  What 
waters  bonier  each  peninsula?  What  islands  are  near 
each  coast  of  Asia? 

Surface.  —  Beginning  at  Bering  Strait,  name  the  chief 
ranges  and  plateaus  of  the  great  highland  region.  What 
great  plain  lies  north  of  this 
region?  What  two  plateaus 
and  what  plains  are  south  of 
the  great  highland  ? 

Drainage.  —  Name  three 
rivers  that  drain  the  Siberian 
plain  to  the  Arctic.  What 
lake  is  in  the  basin  of  the 
Yenisei?  Name  four  rivers 
of  this  plain  whose  waters 
do  not  reach  any  ocean. 
Into  what  do  they  empty? 
What  two  rivers  on  the  main 
highland  do  not  reach  any 
ocean?  Name  fourriverson 
the  Pacific  slope.  Name 
seven  rivers  on  the  Indian 
(  ><  1'  m  slope. 

Countries.  —  What  country  occupies  northern  Asia  '' 
Where  is  Tomsk?  Irkutsk3  What  great  empire  occu- 
pies most  of  eastern  Asia?  Name  and  locate  its  capital. 
Locate  Shanghai;  Canton.  What  country  occupies  a 
peninsula  on  the  Chinese  coast?  What  is  its  capital? 
What  island  empire  is  east  of  Korea3  What  is  its  capital? 
What  two  small  countries  are  in  southeastern  Asia?  What 
is  the  capital  of  each  ?  What  great  country  is  west  of  Indw- 
China?  Name  and  locate  its  capital;  two  other  Indian 
cities.  What  two  small  countries  he  between  India  and 
the  Chinese  Empire?  What  two  countries  are  west  of 
India?  What  is  the  capital  of  each?  What  two  small 
countries  are  north  of  Afghanistan?  Where  is  Russian 
Turkestan?  What  country  is  west  of  Afghanistan  5  Name 
two  Persian  cities.  What  empire  is  west  of  Persia?  Name 
and  locate  its  capital ;  two  other  Turkish  cities.  What 
country  is  southeast  of  the  Turkish  Empire?     What  is  the 


Himalaya  Moun  i  wins. 


southeast  coast  of  Arabia 
called?  What  is  the  capital 
ol  (  Iman  ? 

Map  Drawing.  —  Skct<  h 
and  resketch  an  outline  of 
the  mainland  of  Asia  like 
this  figure,  but  larger,  until 
you  can  reproduce  its  shape 
quickly  from  memory. 


DESCRIPTION 

Position  and  Size.  —  Asia  lies  mainly  in 
the  North  Temperate  Zone,  hut  extends  into 

the  Torrid  and  North 
Frigid  zones.  It  con- 
tains nearly  one  third 
of  the  land  of  the 
world  and  about  one 
half  the  population. 

Coast  Line.  —  The 
islands  bordering  the 
east  coast  contain 
many  active  volcanoes, 
and  terrible  earth- 
quakes frequently  oc- 
cur there.  Between 
the  islands  and  the 
coast  are  large  seas, 
some  of  which  have  excellent  harbors.  The 
south  coast  is  indented  by  large  arms  of  the 
sea  whose  coast  lines  are  generally  regular.. 
The  northern  coast  is  the  edge  of  a  low,  flat 
tundra,  and  is  icebound  much  of  the  year. 

Relief.  —  The  greatest  system  of  highlands 
in  the  world  traverses  central  and  southern 
Asia  from  Bering  Strait  to  the  Black  Sea. 
It  is  highest  near  the  small  Pamir  plateau  in 
central  Asia.  From  the  Pamir,  mountain 
ranges  extend  both  east  and  west,  and  between 
the  ranges  lie  vast  plateaus.  One  of  these,  the 
plateau  of  Tibet,  is  the  highest  large  plateau 
in  the  world.    Most  of  the  plateaus  are  deserts. 


104 


ASIA 


Raft  on  ihe  Yangtze. 

The  Himalayas,  extending  southeast  from 
the  Pamir,  are  the  loftiest  mountains  of  the 
world.  Mount  Everest,  the  highest  peak,  is 
about  five  and  a  half  miles  high.  The 
Kuenlun  and  Thian  Shan  chains  are  nearly 
as  high  as  the   Himalayas. 

The  great  highlands  of  Asia  extend  in 
many  places  nearly  to  the  eastern  and  south- 
ern coasts.  But  broad  fertile  lowlands  bor- 
der the  Amur,  Hoang,  Ganges,  Indus,  and 
Euphrates  rivers. 

Most  of  northern  Asia  is  a  great  lowland 
plain.  In  the  region  around  the  Caspian  Sea, 
this  plain  is  below  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

Drainage.  —  The  northern  lowland  is 
'drained  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  three 
great  rivers,  the  Ob,  Yenisei,  and  Lena. 
Their  lower  (northern)  courses  are 
blocked  with  ice  most  of  the  year; 
but  their  upper  (southern)  courses  are 
navigable  during  the   summer. 

Four  great  rivers  drain  eastern  Asia 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Amur  Hows 
through  a  fertile  valley  well  adapted  to 
wheat  growing.  The  Hoang  or  Yellow 
River  is  noted  for  its  destructive  Hoods, 
but    its    fertile    flood    plain    supports    a 


dense  farming  population.  The  Yang- 
tze is  a  great  highway  of  trade.  The 
Mekong  and  the  Yangtze  flow  through 
gorges  in  their  upper  courses. 

The  Salwen  and  Irawadi  flow  south- 
ward from  the  great  highland.  The 
Brahmaputra,  Ganges,  and  Indus  rise  in 
the  Himalayas  and  drain  both  slopes 
of  those  mountains.  The  Ganges  and 
Brahmaputra  unite  near  their  mouths, 
and  have  built  one  of  the  largest  deltas 
in  the  world,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of 
Bengal.  The  Euphrates,  with  its  great 
branch  the  Tigris,  flows  down  the  south- 
ern slope  of  Asia  into  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Many  streams  in  central  Asia  flow  down 
from  high,  snow-capped  mountains  into  the 
inclosed  plateaus  and  into  the  region  east  of 
the  Caspian  Sea,  where  they  lose  themselves 
in  the  sand  or  flow  into  lakes  with  no  outlets. 
Some  of  the  noted  salt  lakes  in  this  region 
are  Caspian  Sea,  and  Lakes  Aral  and  Balkash. 
The  only  large  fresh-water  lake  in  Asia  is 
Lake  Baikal,  larger  than  Lake  Erie. 

Climate.  —  Northern  Asia  resembles  eastern 
Europe  in  climate,  but  the  winters  are  more 
severe  and   there  is  less  rain  and  snow. 


SCENE   ON    1111'.    IKAUAIH    KlVI.lt. 


DRAINAGE,    CLIMATE,    LIEE 


105 


The  plateaus  of  central 
Asia  receive  little  rain,  be- 
cause the  winds  drop  their 
moisture  on  the  bordering 
mountains.  The  plateaus 
become  very  hot  in  the 
sunshine,  but  are  often  un- 
comfortably cold  at  night. 
All  of  them  except  Arabia 
have  cold  winters. 

Southern  Asia  is  in  the 
Torrid  Zone  and  lies  on 
the  sunny  slope  of  the 
grand  division.  It  is  con- 
sequently very  hot.  In 
summer  winds  called  Mon- 
sooiis  blow  from  the  ocean 
and  much  rain  falls.  But  in  winter  the  mon- 
soons blow  from  the  land  and  are  dry. 

Vegetation.  —  Asia  may  be  divided  into  five 
great  vegetation  belts. 

Along  the   Arctic   coast    stretches    a  wide 
strip  of  dreary  tundra. 

South  of  this  is  a  great  forest  belt  of  larches 
and  firs. 

Still  farther  inland  lies  a  wide  belt  of  open 
steppes,  on  which  wheat,  rye,  and  hardy 
fruits  are  raised. 

Southwest  of  this,  from  Lake  Balkash 
to  the  Caspian  Sea,  are  arid  steppes 
sparsely  covered  with  coarse  grass 
adapted  for  pasturage.  The  plateaus  of 
central  Asia  are  either  true  deserts  or 
are  sparsely  covered  with  coarse  grass 
like  the  arid  steppes. 

The  moist  southeastern  slope  of  Asia 
contains  great  forests.  Many,  called 
Jungles,  are  so  dense  and  full  of 
undergrowth  that  one  can  hardly  pass 
through  them.  In  these  forests  are 
many  valuable  timber  trees,  cabinet  and 


Bamboo 


dye  woods,  and  spices.  In 
other  parts  of  the  low- 
lands are  great  thickets  ol 
bamboo  and  other  tall 
canelike  grasses.  Nearly 
all  of  this  region  is  adapted 
to  the  cultivation  of  use- 
ful plants. 

Animals.  —  Throughout 
the  northern  part  of  Asia 
the  reindeer,  wolf,  bear, 
and  many  small  fur-bear- 
ing animals  are  common. 
The  dry  region  of  cen- 
tral Asia  is  the  home  of 
the  horse,  camel,  donkey, 
sheep,  goat,  and  cattle, 
and  all  of  these  are  found  wild  in  large 
numbers. 

South  of  the  exeat  highland  are  found  the 
tiger,  lion,  hyena,  leopard,  panther,  elephant, 
rhinoceros,  buffalo,  tapir,  monkey,  and  ape; 
many  kinds  of  reptiles,  as  the  cobra,  croco- 
dile, and  python  ;  and  many  kinds  of  birds, 
including  jungle  fowls,  from  which  chickens 
are  descended. 


8f^»A 


Some  animals  ov  Southern  Asia. 


io6 


ASIA 


Productions.  —  Among  the  chief  productions 
of  Asia  may  be  mentioned  furs  from  the  far 
north;  wheat,  gold,  platinum, 
and  graphite,  from  farther 
south  ;  wool,  camel's  hair,  hides, 
live  stock,  and  gum  of  desert 
plants  from  the  drier  centra 
region;  and  rice,  tea,  coffee, 
indigo,  opium,  raw  silk,  sugar 
cane,  cotton,  spices,  and  tin 
from   the  southeastern  slope. 

People.  —  Though  Asia  con- 
tains one  half  of  the  people  of 
the  world,  vet  the  cold  northern 


were  civilized  three  thousand  years  ago,  but 
have    made     little    progress    until     recently. 

Many       Mongolian       tribes, 


however,  are  wandering  bar- 


Chinfse  Student. 


barians.     The  white  peoples 
who     occupy     southwestern 

Japanese  Lady. 


Hindi    Ladies 


part  and  the  dry  plateaus   are 

very    sparsely    peopled.      Nine 

tenths  of  all  the  people  of  this 

grand  division  live  in  the  warm 

and     moist     region      east      and 

south  of    the   highland.     There    the    land    is 

very  thickly  inhabited, 

Asia  has  fewer  countries  but  more  kinds 
of  people  than  Europe. 

Many  of  the  Malay  people  who  inhabit  the 
s,,ut  .  : ,,  islands  are  still  uncivilized.  The 
Mongolian     peoples    living    in    eastern    Asia 


Asia  are  darker 

,        .         ,.  a  Tibetan. 

in  color  than  the 

Caucasians  of  Europe.  They  were  once 
civilized,  but  have  recently  made  little  prog- 
ress. 

Asiatic  Russia.--  The  Asiatic  portion  of  the 
-real    Russian    Empire  occupies  the  whole  of 


PEOPLE,    COUNTRIES 


107 


Horse  and  Wagon,  Siberia. 


R  us- 


northern    Asia.      It    embraces    Siberia, 
sian  Turkestan,  and  Transcaucasia. 

This  vast  region,  though  almost  twice  as 
large  as  the  whole  of  Europe,  does  not  con- 
tain so  many  inhabitants  as  the  Spanish 
peninsula.  Most  of  the  people  live  along  the 
southern  border,  for  the  northern  half  of  the 
region  is  bitterly  cold. 

Siberia  occupies  the  Arctic  and  Pacific 
slopes.  In  the  west  it  is  a  smooth  lowland, 
but  toward  the  east  it  is  broken  by  deep 
valleys  and  low  mountain   ridges. 

The  upper  courses  of  the  Ob,  Yenisei,  and 
Lena,  with  their  wide-branching  tributaries, 
and  with  the  great  Amur  River  in  the  east, 
have  long  formed  the  chief  trade  route  across 
the  country,  but  a  great  railway  has  been  com- 
pleted through  southern  Siberia,  and  now  ex- 
tends from  the  Urals  to  the  Pacific. 

The  tundras  and  forests  of  the  north  are 
uninhabited  except  by  a  few  wild  tribes  of 
Mongolian  fur  hunters.  Southern  Siberia, 
however,  contains  many  emigrants  from 
European  Russia.  They  are  building  many 
towns,  cultivating  wheat  and  other  hardy 
crops,  raising  sheep  and  cattle,  and  mining 
gold    and   silver,  and  graphite  for  lead  pen- 


cils in  the  east,  and  much  iron  ore  in  the 
Ural   Mountains. 

Tomsk  and  Irkutsk,  two  towns  on  the 
great  railroad,  are  the  principal  cities  of 
Siberia. 

Russian  Turkestan  lies  in  the  region  of  inte- 
rior drainage.  Its  surface  \s>  a  smooth  low- 
land, broken  in  the  south  by  many  mountain 
spurs  from  the  great  highland.  The  winters 
are  cold  but  the  summers  are  hot,  and  there 
is  little  or  no  rain.  In  the  valleys  of  the  Hi, 
Syr,  and  Amu,  and  of  smaller  streams,  where 
irrigation  is  possible,  great  quantities  of 
wheat,  rice,  corn,  tobacco,  cotton,  grapes, 
fruit,  and  raw  silk  are  produced.  But  most 
of  the  people  are  herders,  and  they  own 
millions  of  sheep,  goats,  cattle,  camels,  and 
horses.  Most  of  the  people  are  Tartars  of 
the  yellow  race  and  are   Mohammedans. 

Tashkcnd,  at  the  crossing  of  important  cara- 
van routes,  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Asi- 
atic Russia. 

Khiva  and  Bokhara,  though  under  native 
rulers,  are  controlled  by  Russia. 

Transcaucasia  is  a  mountainous  countrv  lying 
mostly  on  the  great  highland  at  an  elevation 
of  about  one  mile,  though  it  is  traversed  by  a 
broad  valley  draining  to  the  Caspian  Sea.  The 
climate  is  much  warmer  and  moister  than  in 


Boats  un  hie  Amu  River,  n  rkestan. 


io8 


ASIA 


other  parts  of  the  Russian 
Empire,  and  there  are  exten- 
sive forests  in  the  west. 
Wheat,  tobacco,  cotton, 
grapes,  and  tropical  fruits  are 
raised.  The  most  valuable 
export  is  petroleum  from  the 
wells  near  Baku,  which  are 
among  the  richest  in  the 
world. 

Transcaucasia  is  about  as 
large  as  Nebraska,  but  it  has 

five   times    as    many  people,  Arab  Street  peddler. 

and  is  the  most  densely  settled  part  of  Asiatic 
Russia.  The  people  are  about  equally  divided 
between  the  white  and  yellow  races,  but  there 
are  many  more  Mohammedans  than  Chris- 
tians. Tifiis  is  the  largest  city  in  Asiatic 
Russia. 

Turkey  in  Asia.  —  Much  of  the  Turkish  Em- 
pire is  mountainous  and  sterile,  but  the  flood 
plain  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  is 
one  of  the  most  fertile  regions  in  Asia.  Many 
parts  of  the  highlands  are  favorable  to  farming 
and  herding,  but  owing  to  bad  government 
most  industries  are  in  a  backward  condition. 

The  people  include  Jews,  Armenians,  Turks, 


and  Arabs,  as  well  as  many 
Greek  traders.  The  Turks 
are  the  ruling  people,  and 
are  strict  Mohammedans. 

Smyrna  is  the  largest  city 
and  an  important  center  in 
the  making  of  Turkish  rugs. 
Damascus  is  one  of  the  old- 
est cities  of  the  world,  and  is 
noted  for  its  silks.  Jeru- 
salem was  the  scene  of  many 
events  in  the  life  of  Christ. 
Mecca  is  the  largest  city  in 
that  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire  which  bor- 
ders the  east  coast  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Arabia  consists  chiefly  of  a  desert  plateau 
with  a  few  fertile  spots. 

In  the  southwest  and  southeast  some  of  the 
land  is  well  watered  and  fertile,  and  many 
dates  and  much  fine  Mocha  coffee  are  grown. 


**P 


Mohammedan  Famm  \. 


, 


mi'mi  n  i ,  Arabia. 


There  the  people  live  in  villages,  and  are 
kind,   hospitable,  and   often   prosperous. 

The  plateaus  are  inhabited  by  wandering 
tribes  of  Arabs  called  Bedouins.  These 
people  live  in  tents,  and  count  their  wealth 
in  sheep,  goats,  camels,  and  horses.  Each 
tribe  is  governed  by  a  sheik  or  chief. 

Aden,  which  is  controlled  by  the  British, 
is  an  important  seaport  in  the  southeast. 


COUNTRIES 


109 


Persians  plowing  by  Hand. 


Oman 

Arabia. 
Persia, 

plateaus. 


is    the    most     flourishing    state    in 


Maskat  is  its  chief  city, 
like    Arabia,  is  made  up  of   desert 
These  are  bordered  by  mountains. 
Some   oases    and    many    salt    lakes    and    salt 
marshes  dot  the  surface. 

In  the  south  it  is  exceedingly  hot,  while 
many  parts  of  the  plateaus  have  cold  winters 
and  hot  summers.  Rain  rarely  falls  except 
on  the  high  mountains,  and  the  short  streams 
soon  disappear  after  leaving  the  mountains. 

The  Persians  belong  to  the  white  race,  but 
they  have  dark  complexions  and  dark  hair 
and  eyes.  They  are  noted 
for  the  silks,  rugs,  and  fine 
shawls  which  they  weave  by 
hand.  Tobacco,  cotton,  raw 
silk,  and  wool  are  the  chief 
exports,  and  many  pearls  are 
obtained  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Many  of  the  people  lead 
wandering  lives  and  live  in 
tents.  In  the  towns  and 
cities  the  houses  of  the  rich 
are  of  stone,  built  around  a 
court,  in  which  are  planted 
beautiful    gardens    or    little 

The 


groves    of   fruit  trees 


Persian  Hat  Sn  ire. 


houses  of  the  poorer  classes  have  mud  walls 
and    earthen    floors.       None    of    the     hoi 
have  windows  facing  the  streets.     The  people 
are  Mohammedans. 

The  ruler  of  Persia  is  called  the  Shah,  and 
the  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 
Each  of  the  wandering  tribes  is  ruled,  by  a 
sheik. 

Teheran  is  the  capital  and  chief  city.  Ta- 
briz is  noted  for  its  vineyards  and  orchards. 

Afghanistan  is  a  mountainous  country  on 
the  same  plateau  as  Persia.  The  people 
belong  to  the  white  race,  and  are  fierce  and 
warlike.  They  are  engaged  chiefly  in  herd- 
ing and  trading,  but  some  grain,  fruits,  and 
spices  are  cultivated. 

Kabul,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  lofty  but 
fertile  region. 

Baluchistan  is  a  barren  country,  but  the 
wandering  people  find  enough  pasturage  for 
flocks  of  camels,  horses,  sheep,  and  goats. 
The  Khan  is  the  ruler,  but  he  is  now  subject 
to  Great  Britain. 

The  Chinese  Empire,  after  Asiatic  Russia, 
is  the  largest  country  in  Asia.  It  is  larger 
than  all  Europe,  and  contains  about  as  many 
people. 

In  the  north  and  west  are 
many  high  mountains  and 
desert  plateaus.  These  parts 
contain  few  people.  Along 
the  east  and  southeast  coasts 
are  fertile  plains  drained  by 
great  rivers. 

China  contains  two  thirds 
of  all  the  yellow  people  of 
the  world.  They  have  high 
cheek  bones,  and  narrow. 
slanting  eves.  Their  dress 
consists  of  loose  robes  with 
wide  sleeves,  and  wide  trou- 


IO 


ASIA 


sers.  The  uppers  of  their  shoes 
are  made  of  cotton  or  silk  and 
the  soles  are  of  thick  felt.  The 
head  is  shaved  in  front,  and  the 
hair  is  worn  in  a  thick  queue 
behind. 

The  Chinese  have  many  curious 
customs  and  ideas.  The  higher 
classes  bandage  the  feet  of  their 
girls  so  as  to  prevent  growth. 
They  think  small  feet  very  beau- 
tiful, even  though  the  feet  are 
terribly  deformed  and  can  hardly 
be  used  for  walking. 

The  people  of  China  are  noted  for  their 
show  of  politeness.  The  children  are  taught 
always  to  respect  and  obey  their  parents  and 
to  worship  them  after  they  are  dead. 

The  Chinese  are  patient,  industrious,  and 
thrifty,  as  well  as  skillful  in  all  kinds  of 
handiwork.  They  were  the  first  people  to 
make  beautiful  chinaware  and  weave  fine  soft 
silks. 

The  Chinese  eat  very  little,  and  their  food 
consists  chiefly  of  rice  and  fish.  Forks  and 
spoons   are  not  used  at  their  meals,  but  the 


Carrying  Baled  Tea,  China, 


Si  it  i  i  Scene,  Peking, 


food  is  conveyed  to  the  mouth 
by  wooden  or  ivory  sticks,  called 
"  chopsticks." 

Only  the  boys  are  sent  to 
school  in  China.  They  learn 
to  read  and  count  and  commit  to 
memory  the  wise  sayings  of  an- 
cient Chinese  writers.  The  Chi- 
nese language  has  no  alphabet, 
and  so  each  word  is  represented 
by  a  character.  Thus  it  takes  a 
long  time  to  learn  to  read  and 
write. 

The  Chinese  are  skillful  farm- 
ers, and  raise  rice  in  the  lowlands,  tea  on  the 
hillsides,  and  the  mulberry  tree  for  the  silk- 
worm. In  some  parts  millet  is  grown  and 
used  for  food. 

Besides  the  chinaware  and  silks,  embroid- 
eries, lacquered  wares,  cotton  goods,  and  arti- 
cles of  carved  ivory  are  made.  All  the  work 
is  done  by  hand. 

China  has  poor  roads  and  few  railroads. 
The  rivers  are  used  for  travel  and  carriage 
of  goods,  and  there  are  many  miles  of  canals. 
Much  trade  is  conducted  by  caravans,  which 
cross  both  the  plateau  of  Tibet  and  the 
desert  of  Gobi. 

Peking  is  the  capital  of  China.  It 
contains  many  people,  but  its  streets  are 
narrow  and  filthy,  and  most  of  the  houses 
are  built  of  mud  or  sun-dried  brick,  with 
thatched  roofs.  Canton  is  a  very  large 
city.  Shanghai  ships  much  tea  and  rice. 
Tibet,  one  of  the  countries  belonging 
to  the  Chinese  Empire,  is  a  cold,  dreary 
region  with  few  inhabitants.  Lassa  is 
its  capital  and  chief  city. 

Manchuria  contains  fertile  valleys  in 
which  wheat  and  cattle  are  raised.  It  is 
largely  under  the  control  of  Russia. 


COUNTRIES 


1 1 1 


Street  in  a  Korean  City. 

Korea  was  for  many  years  subject  to  the 
Chinese  Empire,  but  its  monarch  is  now 
largely  under  the  control  of  Japan. 

The  country  is  a  peninsula,  and  is  traversed 
by  low  mountains  which  give  it  a  varied  sur- 
face with  many  fertile  valleys. 

The  people  resemble  the  Chinese.  Like 
China,  Korea  has  had  little  to  do  with  foreign 
nations  and  people.  It  is  often  called  the 
"  Hermit  Nation." 

The  Empire  of  Japan  comprises  a  large 
number  of  islands  east  of  the  mainland  of 
Asia. 

The  islands  contain  many  mountains,  among 
which  are  a  number  of  active  volcanoes  and 
numerous  hot  springs. 
Earthquakes  are  fre- 
quent, and  some  of 
them  have  been  so  vio- 
lent as  to  destroy  build- 
ings and  cause  the  death 
of  thousands  of  people. 
The  climate  is  pleasant, 
except  in  the  north, 
where  it  is  cold  and 
damp. 

The  Japanese  resem- 


ble the  Chinese,  hut  are  livelier,  more  L-mr- 
getic,  and  more  progressive. 

The  Japanese  build  low  one-storied  1  01 
of  bamboo  with   sliding  walls  and   partitions. 
Thus  their  houses  can  be  thrown  open  during 
the    day    and    closed     at    night    and    quickly 
divided  into  separate  rooms. 


l^MMAfltoL*4BK..^I 

^iBiB 

r  $ 

i  Seller.  Japan 


Working  in  Rice  Field,  Japan. 

There  are  no  chairs  and  bedsteads  in  their 
houses,  for  the  people  sit  cross-legged  on  mats 
on  the  floor  and  sleep  on  blankets  spread 
over  the  mats.  Their  pillows  consist  of  little 
padded  wooden  stools. 

The  food  of  the  common  people  consists 
chiefly  of  fish,  rice,  vegetables,  and  tea. 

It  is  only  recently  that  the  Japanese  have 
allowed    foreigners    to    enter    their    country. 

Since  doing  so  they 
have  progressed  faster 
than  any  other  Asiatic 
people.  They  now 
have  good  schools  and 
colleges,  newspapers, 
and  railways,  telegraph 
and  telephone  lines. 
and  man}-  k  i  n  d  s  of 
modern  machinery. 

On     the    lowlands 
they  raise    much    rice. 


I  12 


ASIA 


*w  ij 

-""-     ■ 

^@'                   *"* 

A  Ci  i  v  on  nit  Ganges. 

They  also  raise  silkworms  and  produce  raw 
silk,  and  on  the  hill  slopes  they  raise  large 
quantities  of  tea.  Many  fruits  and  flowers 
are  cultivated,  and  the  Japanese  are  skillful 
gardeners. 

Nearly  all  the  manufacturing  is  still  done 
by  hand.  The  Japanese  make  beautiful  carv- 
ings in  wood  and  ivory,  fine  inlaid  work, 
many  bronzes  and  lacquered  goods,  and 
many  articles  of  paper,  such  as  fans,  parasols, 
and  lanterns. 

Japan  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  people 
elect  many  of  their  officers,  and  through  them 
make  their  own  laws. 

Tokyo  is  the  capital 
and  largest  city.  It 
is  about  as  large  as 
Philadelphia.  Yoko- 
hama is  the  chief  sea- 
port. 

India  is  half  as  large 
as  the  United  States, 
but  contains  nearly 
four  times  as  many 
people. 

<  )n  the  north  India 
is  bordered  by  the  lofty 


HEHB 


N  \  I  1\  I.  c  lARRIAGE,   Imiia. 


Weaving,  India. 

Himalaya  Mountains.  South  of  these  are  the 
plains  of  the  Ganges  and  Indus  rivers.  Still 
farther  south  lies  the  plateau  of  Dekkan, 
which  is  bordered  by  low  mountains. 

Moist  southwest  winds  give  India  abundant 
rain  for  six  months  in  summer.  In  winter  dry 
winds  blow  over  it  from  the  north,  causing 
a  dry  season. 

India  is  the  home  of  many  large  wild 
animals,  of  which  the  elephant  is  the  largest 
and  the  tiger  the  fiercest.  There  are  many 
kinds  of  monkeys  and  countless  birds  of  beau- 
tiful plumage.  The  rivers  abound  in  croco- 
diles, while  among  the 
land  reptiles  are  the 
huge  python  and 
the  deadly  cobra.  The 
elephant  is  trained  to 
do  many  kinds  of 
heavy  work,  and  the 
zebu  draws  carts  and 
plows. 

Most  of  the  people 
of  India  are  called 
Hindus.  Although 
quite  dark  in  color, 
they   arc    thought    to 


COUNTRIES 


ii3 


have  the  same  ancestors  as  the  people  of 
Europe,  and  are  hence  said  to  belong  to  the 
white  race.  They  are  much  less  civilized, 
however,  than  Europeans,  and  worship  many 
gods  whose  favor  they  try  to  gain  by  bloody 
sacrifices  and  other  cruel  and  debasing  reli- 
gious practices.  Besides  these,  many  of  the 
people  of  India  are  Mohammedans. 

The  Hindus  are  divided  into  four  classes 
or  castes.  The  members  of  one  caste  can  not 
mingle  with  those  of  another  caste.  The 
highest  are  priests,  or  Brahmans,  and  these 
men  are  highly  educated. 


Elephant  Working. 

The  lowest  castes  are  uneducated,  s.nd  live 
in  poor  huts  without  floors  or  windows  and 
with  little  furniture.  Their  chief  food  is  rice, 
with  an  occasional  piece  of  fish.  Meat  is 
never  tasted,  as  nearly  all  animals  are  sacred 
and  are  never  molested.  Even  the  poisonous 
cobra  is  not  disturbed. 

India  contains  beautiful  palaces,  temples, 
and  tombs,  some  of  them  relics  of  ancient 
empires. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  industry  in  India. 
Much  of  the  land  must  be  irrio-ated,  and  tanks 
for  storing  water  and  canals  for  this  purpose 
have  been  constructed  by  the  British.      Rice 


Picking  Tea,  India. 

and  millet  are  grown  as  food  for  the  people, 
and  wheat,  cotton,  tea,  and  sugar  cane  are 
cultivated  for  export.  The  poppy  for  opium, 
the  flax  for  its  seed,  and  jute  and  raw  silk 
are  important  products.  Great  famines  some- 
times occur  when  the  rainfall  is  scant  and 
crops  fail. 

The  manufactures  of  the  Hindus  consist 
chiefly  of  fine  shawls,  carpets  and  rugs,  silks, 
cottons,  and  fine  jewelry. 

Nearly  all  of  India  is  ruled  by  Great  Britain, 
as  is  also  the  neighboring  island  of  Ceylon. 

Calcutta  is  the  capital  and    chief    seaport. 


Native  Boats,  Ceylon. 


H4 


ASIA 


Burmese  Judge  and 

Attendants. 

Bombay  on  the  west 
coast  and  Madras  on 
the  cast  coast  arc  also 
important  ports. 

Indo-China  occupies 
the  southeastern  pen- 
insula of  Asia.  Its 
climate,  plants,  and 
animals  are  quite  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  India. 

The  people  belong 
mainly  to  the  yellow  race,  but  they  differ 
much  in  different  parts  in  color,  habits,  cus- 
toms, and  degree  of  civilization.  In  the  south 
there  are  many  Malays. 

Indo-China    includes    several    divisions    or 

i tides.     In  the  west  is  Burma,  which  forms 

a  part  of    British   India.      In  the  east  are  Anam 

and  Cambodia,   which    belong   to  the    French. 

Rice,   Sugar,  tea.   raw   silk,  and    spices    are    the 

chief  products  of    French    Indo-China.    Siam 

i  independenl  state  in  the  center  of  Indo- 

na.      It  is  noted  for  its  forests  of  teak,  and 

its  precious  stones  and  minerals.     The  chief 

i  rop  grown  is  rii  e.     Bangkok  is  the  capital  of 

Siam. 

The  Malay  peninsula  contains  a  British  i  ol- 
■  tiled    the    Straits    Settlements.     Spices 


a  i;l  rmese  Tempi  i  . 


and  tin  are  the  chief  products.  Singapore,  on 
an  island  in  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  is  a  great 
stopping  point  for  vessels  passing  around 
southern  Asia.  It  ships  large  quantities  of 
tin   to    Europe. 

The  East  Indies  (map  p.  123)  lie  off  the 
coast  of  Indo-China.  They  comprise  Java,  Su- 
matra, Borneo,  Celebes,  the  Philippines,  and 
some  other  islands.  The  climate  resembles 
that  of  the  mainland,  except  that  it  is  moister. 

These  islands  are 
rich  in  spice  plants 
as  well  as  bamboo,  rat- 
tan, and  gum  plants. 
Sugar,  coffee,  tobacco, 
spices,  and  especially 
tin  are  the  chief  prod- 
ucts. 

The  native  people" 
are  Malays,  of  whom 
those  of  Java  are  the 
.most  intelligent  and 
skillful  workmen. 
Many  Chinese  have 
entered  these  islands  and  they  are  the  chief 
farmers. 

Java  is  the  richest  and  most  populous  of 
these  islands.  Borneo  is  the  largest  island. 
Banca,  a  small  island,  is  noted  for  its  exten- 
sive tin  mines.      Most  of  the  islands  belong  to 


Cambodian  Ff.mai.f  Band 


COUNTRIES 


"5 


the  Dutch.  Batavia 
is  the  chief  city  of 
the  Dutch  East  In- 
dies, and  ships  much 
coffee. 

The  Philippines  now 
belong  to  the  United 
States.  Like  other 
islands  of  the  East 
Indies,  they  are  moun- 
tainous and  volcanic 
islands  with  frequent 
earthquakes.  Near 
the  coast  there  are  many  low,  fertile    plains. 

The  Philippines  are  inhabited  chieflv  by 
Christianized  peoples  of  Malayan  origin ;  but 
in  the  interior  of  some  of  the  islands  are 
found  dwarfish  people  called  Negritos.  These 
are  little  better  than  savages. 

The  chief  grain  grown  is  rice,  which  forms 
the  food  of  the  people.  Sugar  and  Manila 
hemp  are  produced  and  exported.  The  for- 
ests contain  valuable  woods,  and  some  of  the 
islands  have  rich  mineral  deposits. 

Manila  is  the  chief  city  and  seaport. 

TEST   EXERCISES  FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  Asia?  How  does  it  compare  with  Europe  in  size? 
with  North  America  ?  By  what  lands  and  oceans  is  it  bordered  ? 
Describe  the  coast  line  and  adjacent  islands.  Describe  the  great 
highland  of  Asia.      What  and  where  are  the  chief  mountain 


\&$mmy. 


Huts  and  Carts,  Siam. 


chains?  Where  are  the  low- 
lands of  Asia?  Describe  the 
chief  rivers   of  the   northern 

slope  ;  of  the  eastern  slope  ; 
of  the  southern.  Describe 
some  rivers  of  the  interior 
basin  ;  some  hikes. 

Describe  the  climate  of 
A>ia.  Where  are  the  moist 
is  ?  the  dry  regions  ?  De- 
scribe the  five  great  veg(  lation 
In  lis.  Mention  some  animals 
found  in  the  different  par:-  ol 
Asia.  Mention  the  character- 
istic productions.  What  is 
said  of  the  population  of  Asia? 
\\  lure  is  Asia  most  densely 
peopled?  What  races  live  in 
Asia?  Where  does  each  race 
live? 

Where  is  Asiatic  Russia?  What  does  it  embrace?  Is  it 
sparsely  or  densely  peopled?  Why?  Describe  the  surface  and 
drainage  of  Siberia;  the  occupations  of  the  people.  What  are 
the  chief  towns?  Locate  and  describe  Russian  Turkestan.  De- 
scribe its  people  and  productions.  Describe  Transcaucasia  ;  its 
chief  towns. 

Locate  and  describe  Turkey  in  Asia  and  its  chief  towns. 
Describe  Arabia  and  its  people ;  Persia  and  the  Persians ; 
Afghanistan;  Baluchistan. 

Where  is  the  Chinese  Empire?    What  great  rivers  water  it? 
Describe  its  surface ;    its  people,  their   customs,  and   produc- 
tions.     Name  the  chief  cities.      Describe  Tibet,  Manchuria. 
Describe  Korea. 

Where  is  Japan?  Describe  the  islands,  the  people,  their 
customs,  and  productions.  What  is  the  capital?  Name  the 
chief  seaport. 

Where  is  India?  Describe  its  surface,  drainage,  climate, 
plants,  animals,  people,  and  its  productions.  What  are  the 
chief  citits? 

Describe  the  countries  of  Indo-China.  and  name  and  locate 
the  chief  cities. 

Mention  and  locate  some  islands  of  the  East  Indies.  De- 
scribe these  islands,  the  people,  the  productions. 

Describe  the  Philippines.  To  what  nation  do  they  belong? 
What  are  the  chief  products?     What  is  the  chief  city? 


Packing  Sugar,  Phiiutink  Islands, 


Mohammedan  Chiefs,  Philippine  Islands. 


n6 


AFRICA 


20  I 


Long  tada       S       O       U  ao  T       H       East  from  -in       Greenwich 


AFRICA 

EXERCISES  ON   THE   MAP 

Position.  —  In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Asia?     In 
what  direction  ii  il  from  Europe?     By  laying  a  tracing  of 


North  America  on  the  map  of  Africa  compare  them  in  size. 
What  sea  and  strait  are  north  of  Africa?  What  bodies  of 
water  are  east?  What  ocean  and  gulf  are  west?  What 
isthmus  joins  Africa  to  Asia?  What  circles  cross  Africa? 
In  what  /.one  is  northern  Africa?  central  Africa?  south- 
ern Africa? 


AFRICA 


117 


Coast  Line.  —  What  is  the  shape  of  Africa  ?  Is  the  coast 
line  regular  or  irregular?  What  bay  and  gulfs  indent  the 
coast?  What  groups  of  islands  are  off  the  northwest  1  oasl  ' 
What  Luge  island  is  southeast  of  the  mainland  of  Africa? 
Find  two  capes  on  the  coast  of  Africa. 

Surface.  What  mountains  are  near  the  southern  end 
of  Africa?  What  high  peaks  are  near  the  equator?  What 
highland  is  near  the  Red  Sea?  What  mountains  are  in 
northwestern  Africa?     Where  are  the  Timmo  Mountains? 

Drainage.  —  Name  the  river  flowing  northward  into  the 
Mediterranean  Sea;  the  one  which  flows  westward  into  the 
Atlantic.  What  river  flows  into  Mozambique  Channel? 
What  lake  is  drained  by  each  of  these  three  rivers?  \\  hat 
river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea?   Describe  the  river. 


\'-    V     ' 


What  river  is  near  the  south- 
ern end  of  Africa?  Into 
what  does  it  flow?'  Find 
two  deserts  in  Afric  1. 

Countries.  —  [n  what 
1  iuntr)  is  the  lower  part  of 
the  Nile  River?  .Name  and 
locate  the  capital  of  Egypt  ; 
another  large  city.  What 
places  are  at  the  ends  of 
the   Suez  Canal? 

What  countries  besides 
Egypt  border  on  the  Medi- 
terranean ?  Name  and  locate 
the  capital  of  each. 

What  region  lies  south  of  these  countries?  What  region 
is  south  of  the  Sahara  ?  What  lake  is  in  central  Sudan  ? 
What  small  countries  are  near  Cape  Verde?  Name  the 
capital  of  Senegal  ;  of  Sierra  Leone  ;  of  Liberia.  What 
divisions  border  the  north  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea? 

Where  is  the  Kongo  State?  Name  some  other  divi- 
sions in  central  Africa.  To  whom  do  they  belong?  What 
city  is  on  an  island  in  east  central  Africa? 

What  colony  is  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa  ? 
Name  the  capital ;  two  capes.  Name  some  of  the  divi- 
sions in  south  Africa  north  of  Cape  Colony.  Find  Johan- 
nesburg ;   Kimberlev. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Madagas- 
car? 

Map  Drawing.  -  Sketch  and  re- 
sketch  an  outline  of  Africa  like  this 
figure,  but  larger,  until  you  can 
reproduce  its  shape  quickly  from 
memory. 


DESCRIPTION 
Position  and  Size.  —  Africa  lies  southwest  of 
Asia,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Isth- 
mus of  Suez.  It  is  separated  from  Europe 
by  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and  the  Strait  of 
Gibraltar.  Africa  is  the  second  of  the  grand 
divisions  in  size  and  the-  third  in  population. 

Coast  Line.  —  In  shape  and  coast  line  Africa 
is  somewhat  like  South  America.     The  coast 
is   regular,   with   few   bays,   gulfs,   and   capo. 
Like    South    America,    too,    Africa    has    few 
— =1     islands   off    its   coast. 
The      Cape      Verde, 
Canary,  and    Madeira 
islands    are     volcanic 
groups  off  the  north- 
west coast.     The  Ca- 
nary Islands  are  noted 
for  the   high  volcanic 
peak  Tenerife.      The 
large  island  of  Mada- 
gascar and  a  few  small 
islands    are     off     the 

southeast    and   north- 
Mr.  Tenerife,  Canary  Islands. 

east  coasts. 

Relief.  —  Southern  and  central  Africa  is  al- 
most wholly  a  plateau  with  a  narrow  rim  of 
mountains  near  the  coast.  Northern  Africa 
is  chiefly  lowland.  The  Abyssinian  high- 
land is  a  large  and  lofty  plateau  in  eastern 
Africa. 

The  highest  mountains  are  situated  near 
the  eastern  border,  and  two  peaks,  Mounts 
Kenia  and  Kilimanjaro,  near  the  equator,  are 
the  only  snow-capped-  mountains  of  the  grand 
division.  The  Atlas  Mountains  border  the 
lowland  on  the  northwest  and  are  the  most 
continuous  mountain  chain.  Dragon  Moun- 
tains form  the  rim  of  the  plateau  in  southern 
Africa. 

From  the  mountain  rim  of  the  plateau  the 


J     \ 

u8 


AFRICA 


land  slopes  abruptly 
toward  the  coast,  form- 
ing only  a  narrow- 
coast  plain. 

Drainage.  —  Africa 
is  drained  chiefly  by 
five  important  rivers. 
Two  of  these,  the 
Kongo  and  the  Nile, 
have  their  sources  in 
the  eastern  highland 
near  the  equator. 

The  Nile,  which  is 
surpassed  only  by  the' 
Mississippi  -Missouri 
in  length,  flows  northward  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean. In  its  course  it  moistens  a  narrow 
valley  through  the  arid  region,  and  thus 
makes  the  land  fertile. 

The  other  important  rivers  of  Africa  are 
the  Niger,  which  drains  western  Sudan,  the 
Zambezi  in  south  central  Africa,  and  the 
Orange  in  south  Africa. 

All  these  rivers  have  rapids  or  falls  where 
they  flow  from  the  plateau  to  the  coast  plains. 

Africa  has  many  large  lakes  in  the  eastern 
highlands  near  the  equator.  One  of  these, 
Lake  Victoria,  is  larger  than  Lake  Superior. 
Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  are  long,  narrow 
lakes  farther  south.  Lake  Tchad,  near  the 
border  of  the  Sahara,  has  no  permanent  out- 
let, and  is  scarcely  more  than  a  marsh  during 
the  dry  season. 

Climate.  —  The  central  part  of  Africa  lies  in 
the  Torrid  Zone  where  the  climate  is  usually 
hot  and  moist.  The  highlands  in  this  region, 
on  account  of  their  elevation,  arc  quite  pleas- 
ant and  healthful.  Near  the  equator  there  are 
two  rainy  seasons,  and  the  lands  are  covered 
with  dense  forests,  almost  rivaling  the  silvas 
of  the  Amazon. 


Scene  on  the  Nile. 


In  the  Sudan  there 
is  but  one  rainy  sea- 
son, and  much  of  that 
region  consists  of 
grassy  lands  like  our 
prairies. 

Near  the  tropics 
there  is  scarcely  anv 
rainfall,  and  much  of 
the  land  is  conse- 
quently a  desert  with 
little  or  no  vegetation 
except  in  regions 
called  Oases. 

Plants.  —  Owing  to 
the  differences  of  heat  and  moisture,  many 
kinds  of  plants  flourish  in  Africa.  Near  the 
deserts  are  several  kinds  of  acacias  which  pro- 
duce gums  like  gum  arabic.  A  tree  in  east- 
ern Africa  produces  gum  copal,  which  is  used 
for  making  varnish.  Many  palms  abound, 
one  of  which,  the  date  palm,  furnishes  dates, 
and  another,  the  oil  palm,  bears  nuts  whose 
kernels  are  used  in  making  fine  soaps.  Abys- 
sinia is  the  home  of  the  coffee  tree,  and  many 
valuable  woods  and  drugs  abound  in  the  cen- 
tral forests. 

Animals. — Africa  also  contains  many  kinds 
of  animals.  There  are  animals  somewhat 
resembling  man,  as  the  gorilla,  the  chim- 
panzee, and  baboon.  These  live  in  the 
forests  and  feed  upon  fruits  and  nuts.  Many 
of  the  animals  of  Africa  are  fierce,  as  the 
lion,  leopard,  and  hyena. 

On  the  grassy  lands  are  found  many  ani- 
mals with  hoofs.  Some  of  these  are  the 
zebra,  antelopes,  the  gnu  or  horned  horse, 
the  giraffe,  the  Cape  buffalo,  and  wild  cattle. 

The  rhinoceros  lives  in  the  forest,  and  the 
river-horse  or  hippopotamus  lives  in  the  rivers. 
The  elephant  is  abundant  in  the  forests,  and 


DRAINAGE,    LIFE,    PEOPLE 


119 


both  it  and  the  hippopotamus  arc  hunted  for 
the  ivory  of  their  tusks  or  teeth. 

The  rivers  swarm  with  crocodiles,  and 
there  are  many  snakes,  among  which  is  the 
poisonous  asp. 

The  ostrich,  the  largest  bird  in  the  world, 
is  found  wild  on  the  deserts.  It  cannot  fly, 
but  can  run  faster  than  a  horse.  Many  os- 
triches are  now  raised  on  ostrich  farms  for 
their  fine  feathers. 

People.  —  Africa 
ranks  next  to  Asia 
in  size,  but  contains 
only  one  fifth  as 
many  people.  In 
the  north  it  is  in- 
habited by  Berbers, 
wandering  Arabs, 
Moors,  and  Egyp- 
tians, all  of  whom 
belong  to  the  white 
race.  Some  of 
these  people  are 
civilized,  but  many 
of  the  Berbers  and 
Arabs  are  barba- 
rous herdsmen  who  buML  ANJM 
are  often  fierce  and  treacherous.  Most  of  the 
people  of  North  Africa  believe  in  the  Moham- 
medan religion. 

South  of  the  Sahara,  Africa  is  the  home 
of  the  black  race.  These  people  are  called 
Negroes,  and  live  in  tribes.  Some  of  them 
are  large  and  strong,  while  others  are  not 
larger  than  dwarfs,  and  are  called  Pygmies. 
None  of  the  negro  tribes  are  civilized. 

Many  of  the  negro  tribes  live  in  villages 
of  low  huts.  The  huts  are  dome-shaped, 
built  of  bent  poles  thatched  with  reeds,  bark, 
or  grass.  The  huts  contain  no  articles  except 
a  few  mats  upon  which  the  people  sleep,  some 


baskets,  earthen   pots,  and    spears    and    other 

weapons. 

The  negroes  raise  some  poultry,  goats,  and 

cattle,  and  plant  fields  of  millet,  bananas,  and 

manioc.      Some   tribes  count   their  wealth   in 

the   number  of  cattle   they   own,  while  other.-. 

are  skillful  in  weaving  cloth,  making  baskets, 

and  plaiting  mats. 

Still  other  tribes  live  almost  entirely  upon 

the  wild  fruits  and 
herbs  which  they 
find  in  the  forests 
and  upon  the  wild 
game  which  they 
capture.  They 
often  kill  and  eat 
other  negroes,  and 
are  therefore  canni- 
bals. 


V      Vfc1 


VLs   Ul'    .-UK1CA. 


For  many  years  ne- 
groes were  torn  away 
from  their  families  and 
sold  as  slaves.  Slavery 
.  no  longer  exists  in  \ 
ica  and  most  European 
countries,  but  natives 
are  still  captured  by- 
slave  traders  and  sent 
as  slaves  to  some  parts  of  Asia  and  to  Turkey  in  Europe. 
Many  native  tribes 'are  constantly  at  war  with  each  other, 
and  the  captives  taken  in  war  are  either  held  or  sold  as 
slaves.     The  slave  trade,  however,  is  rapidly  decreasing. 

Little  was  known  by  Europeans  about  cen- 
tral and  southern  Africa  until  recent  times. 
But  now  several  European  countries  are  mak- 
ing- settlements  along  the  coast,  and  have 
gained  control  of  most  of  the  interior. 

Industries. —  In  northern  Africa  the  indus- 
tries are  similar  to  those  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean countries  of  Europe.  But  in  the  drier 
regions  near  the  deserts  and  on  the  grassy 
plateaus  of  south  Africa  the  herding  of  cattle, 


I  JO 


AFRICA 


Cairo,  EGYPT. 

sheep,  goats,  and  horses  forms  the  chief  pur- 
suit of  the  people.     Camels  also  are  raised  in 

the  north. 

Africa  is  rich  in  such   natural   products  as 

ivory,  gold  dust,  ostrich  feathers,  palm   nuts, 

and  crurns. 

Though  the  soil  is  tilled  to  a  small  extent 

by   the   negroes,  yet  agriculture  is  important 

only  in  the  Nile  valley  and  delta. 

Egypt   is    the   most   important   and   thickly 

peopled    country  of    Africa.      It    is    a    sandy 

desert  except  in  the  narrow 

fertile    valley    of    the     Nile. 

Even  in  this  valley  rain  rarely 

falls,  and  the  land  i>  watered 

by  irrigation. 

The  rains  of  central  Africa 

cause  the  flooding  of  the  Nile 

every  summer.     Great  quan- 
tities of  fine  mud  are  brought 

down    the    river  and    spread 

over    tin'    flood    plains.      As 

tip    waters  subside,  the  mud 

is  left  as  a  tliin  i  u.it  nt  soil 

which   yields   abundant   har- 
ts   "I    i  nt t cm,    rice,   sugar 

i  ane,  and  wheat. 


MOOJ   l    H    M  \  .     \  JD   WOMA 


Some  of  the  people  of  Egypt  belong  to 
the  white  race,  and  are  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  who  built  great  temples 
and  the  pyramids,  and  made  mummies  of 
their  dead.  Most  of  the  people  are  of  mixed 
Arab  and  negro  blood,  and  are  Moham- 
medans. 

Egypt  pays  tribute  to  Turkey,  but  is  really 
controlled  by  Great  Britain. 

Cairo  is  the  capital.  Near  it  are  the  pyra- 
mids. Alexandria  is  the  chief  seaport.  Suez 
and  Port  Said  are  at  the  ends  of  the  Suez 
Canal,  which  joins  the  Red  and  Mediterra- 
nean seas. 

Morocco,  the  most  northwestern  state  of 
Africa,  takes  its  name  from  the  Moors  who 
are  its  chief  inhabitants.  These  people  were 
once  prosperous  and  progressive,  but  are  now 
poor,  and  are  often  cruelly  treated  by  their 
ruler  or  sultan. 

Rude  farming,  herding,  and   the  manufac- 
ture of  leather  are  the  chief  pursuits. 
Fez  and  Morocco  are  the  chief  towns. 
Algeria  and  Tunis  belong  to  France,  and  are 
like  Morocco  in  surface,  climate,  and  people. 
Much  of  the  best  land  is 
held  by  foreigners,  and  wheat, 
barley,  millet,  esparto   grass 
for  paper  making,  and  olives, 
dates,  and  live  stock  are  the 
chief  products. 

Algiers  is  the  capital  and 
chief  seaport  of  .Algeria,  and 
Tunis  of  Tunis. 

Tripoli  is  a  Turkish  prov- 
ince, and  is  poorly  governed. 
Most  of  the  land  is  desert. 
The  caravan  trade  in  gold 
and  slaves,  and  the  sponge 
fisheries,  are  the  chief  em- 
ployments of  the  people. 


COUNTRIES 


121 


Tripoli  is  the  capital  and 
chief  seaport. 

Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis, 
and  Tripoli  are  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  "  the  Barbary 
States." 

The  Sahara  is  the  most  ex- 
tensive  desert   in   the  world, 
yet    not   all    of   it   is   an    arid 
waste.     In  some  parts  springs       -     '■» 
bubble   forth,  or  the  ground     B 
water  comes  so  close  to  the 
surface  that  grass,  date   palms,  peaches,  and 
grapes    flourish.      Caravans,   in    crossing    the 
desert,    find    in    these    oases    both    food    and 
water. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Arab  traders, 
but  there  are  also  fierce  Arab  tribes  who 
often  plunder  the  caravans. 

Central  Africa.  —  The  chief  divisions  of  cen- 
tral Africa  are  Sudan,  Kongo  State,  and 
Abyssinia. 

Abyssinia  in  northeastern  Africa  is  mainly 
a  rugged  highland  country  with  abundant 
rainfall.  It  is  inhabited  by  rude  tribes  of 
white  people  who  claim  to  be  Christians. 
Coffee  grows  wild,  gums  and  valuable  woods 
abound,  and  ivory,  wax,  and  gold  are  exported. 


GUi  P  o.*. 


Government  Station,  Kongo  State. 


Caravan  o.n  mi  Sahara, 

Sudan  lies  south  of  the  Sahara.  It  is  a  fertile 
prairie  country  in  the  north  and  forest-covered 
in  the  south,  where  the  rainfall  is  greater. 

The  people  are  blacks,  but  include  the  most 
advanced  negro  tribes  of  Africa.  The}'  culti- 
vate the  soil,  raise  cattle  and  goats,  and  manu- 
facture cotton  cloth,  leather,  and  mats.  Each 
tribe  is  governed  by  a  king,  but  all  the  Sudan 
is  now  claimed  by  European  nations. 

The  chief  products  are  ivory,  gold  dust, 
ostrich  plumes,  palm  oil  and  nuts,  and  gums 
and  rubber.      Timbuktu  is  a  trade  center. 

Kongo  State  includes  most  of  the  Kongo 
basin.  Its  climate  is  hot  and  moist,  but  gen- 
erally healthful.  Much  of  the  surface  is 
covered  with  dense  forests,  rich  in  valuable 
woods  and  rubber-producing  trees. 

It  is  inhabited  by  negro  tribes  who  are 
ignorant  and  believe  in  witchcraft,  and  the 
eastern  part  is  the  home  of  the  pygmies. 

Some  trade  is  conducted  by  way  of  the 
rivers,  but  ivory,  hides,  and  rubber  arc  carried 
to  the  coast  by  the  natives  on  their  shoulders 
or  heads. 

The  king  of  the  Belgians  controls  this 
state,  and  the  trade  is  chiefly  with  Belgium 
and  the  Netherlands. 

Coast  Countries.  —  The  coast  countries  of 
Africa  in  the  Torrid  Zone  are  hot,  moist,  and 


122 


AFRICA 


'«*** 


Native  Huts,  South  Africa. 


very  unhealthful  to  white  people.  The  west 
coast  is  rich  in  gold,  and  the  forests  of  both 
coasts  yield  gum  copal,  rubber,  kola  nuts, 
and  palm  nuts.  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  tobacco, 
earthnuts  or  peanuts,  and  cotton  are  grown 
by  the  negro  inhabitants. 

Various  European  nations  now  control 
these  coasts.  Sierra  Leone,  a  colony  estab- 
lished by  Great  Britain,  and  Liberia,  estab- 
lished by  the  United  States,  but  now  an 
independent  republic,  are  occupied  by  freed 
slaves  and  their  descendants. 

Madagascar,  a  large  island  off  the  southeast 
coast,  is  naturally  rich  in  products,  which  are 
like  those  of  the  adjacent  mainland. 

It  is  inhabited  on  the  east  side  by  Malays, 
and  on  the  west  by  negroes.  The  Malays  are 
partly  civilized  and  formerly  ruled  the  island. 
It  is  now  a  French  colony. 

Taiianar/vo  is  the  capital. 

South  Africa  is  mainly  a  highland  region, 
including  mountain  ranges  and  broad  pla- 
teaus called  the  Veldt.  The  narrow  coast 
plain  in  the  east  is  moist  and  forest-clad,  but 
west  of  the  Dragon  Mountains  most  of  the 
land  is  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  grass, 
except  in  the  desert  of  Kalahari. 

South  .Africa  contains  the  richest  diamond 


and  gold  mines  of  the  world.  Herding  is  an 
important  occupation,  and  sheep,  cattle,  and 
ostriches  are  raised  in  great  numbers. 

The  British  own  most  of  south  Africa,  but 
many  of  the  inhabitants  are  Dutch  farmers 
called  Boers.  The  native  negroes  have  been 
pushed  back  toward  the  interior  or  they  serve 
as  laborers  for  the  English  and  Boers. 

Cape  Colony  is  the  most  important  division, 
and  Cape  Town,  the  capital  of  Cape  Colony,  is 
the  largest  seaport.  Kimberlcy  is  the  center 
of  diamond  mining,  and  Johannesburg  of  gold 
production. 

TEST   EXERCISES  FOR  REVIEW 

Where  is  Africa?  By  what  waters  is  it  bordered?  How 
does  it  compare  in  size  with  North  America  and  the  other  grand 
divisions?  Describe  its  coast  line  and  islands.  Describe  the 
general  surface.  Locate  two  mountain  ranges  ;  two  high  peaks  ; 
a  high  plateau.  Name  and  describe  the  rive  great  rivers  of 
Africa.     What  can  you  tell  of  the  lakes  of  Africa? 

Describe  the  climate.  Where  are  the  rainless  regions? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  in  these  regions?  Describe 
tin  vegetation  of  Africa.  What  animals  are  found?  What  races 
inhabit  Africa?  Where  is  each  race  found?  Describe  the  man- 
ner of  life  of  the  negroes.  What  are  the  characteristic  indus- 
tries and  products  of  Africa? 

Where  is  Egypt  ?  Describe  the  country,  people,  and  prod- 
ucts. Characterize  the  chief  towns.  Locate  and  describe  each 
of  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean,  west  of  Egj  pt, 
and  tell  about  its  people,  products,  and  chief  towns.  Describe 
the  Sahara,  Abyssinia,  the  Sudan.  Kongo  State,  the  coast  coun- 
tries of  central  Africa.  Madagascar.  Describe  south  Africa. 
What  is  the  most  important  division  of  south  Africa?  Char- 
acterize the  chief  towns. 


Sorting  Diamonds,  Kimberley. 


AUSTRALIA 


123 


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AUSTRALIA   AND   THE 
ISLANDS    OF   THE    PACIFIC 

EXERCISES   ON   THE    MAP 

Position  and  Coast.  —  In  what  direction  from  Asia  is 
Australia?  What  ocean  is  east  of  Australia?  What  ocean 
is  south  and  west  ?  What  seas  are  north  ?  What  gulf  is  on 
the  north  coast?  What  sea  is  northeast?  What  strait  is 
north?     What  bight  and  strait  are  south? 

What  coral  formation  lies  off  the  coast  of  Australia? 
In  what  sea  is  it?  Using  the  scale  of  miles,  find  how  far 
it  extends. 


What  island  is  south  of  Australia?  What  large  island 
is  north?  What  group  of  islands  is  southeast?  Name  the 
two  islands  in  the  group.  What  strait  separates  them  ?  What 
islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  are  northeast  of  Australia? 

Are  Australia  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  mostly 
north  or  south  of  the  equator?  What  tropic  crosses 
Australia?  In  what  zones  is  Australia?  In  what  zone 
is  New  Guinea?     New  Zealand? 

Surface  and  Drainage.  —  What  part  of  Australia  has 
mountains?  What  two  rivers  flow  westward  from  these 
mountains?  Are  there  many  streams  in  central  Australia? 
Are  New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  New  Guinea  level  or 
mountainous? 


124 


AUSTRALIA 


Divisions.  —  Name  all  the  divisions  of  Australia.  What 
division  is  in  the  northeast?  What  two  are  in  the  southeast? 
What  one  is  in  the  central  part?  What  one  is  in  the  west? 
What  territory  in  the  north  belongs  to  South  Australia? 
Map  Drawing.  —  Sketch  and  resketch 
an  outline  of  Australia  like  this  figure,  but 
larger,  until  you  can  reproduce  its  shape 
quickly  from  memory. 

DESCRIPTION 

Australia  ;  Position  and  Size.  —  Australia  is 
situated  southeast  of  Asia  and  is  the  only- 
continent  wholly  south  of  the  equator.  It  is 
nearly  as  large  as  the  United  States,  but  con- 
tains only  a  sparse  population. 

Shape  and  Coast.  —  The  shape  of  Australia 
is  somewhat  oblong,  but  its  length  from  east 
to  west  is  little  greater  than  its  width  from 
north  to  south.  The  coast  line  is  regular, 
and  there  are  no  deep  indentations  except 
the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  in  the  north. 

Surface.  —  Most  of  Australia  is  a  low  pla- 
teau, traversed  by.a  range  of  mountains  near 
the  eastern  coast.  In  the  southeast  the 
mountains  are  separated 
from  the  interior  plateau  by 
a  broad  fertile  plain.  In 
the  center  and  west  are  sev- 
eral low  mountain  ranges. 

Climate.  —  The  northern 
half  of  Australia  lies  in  the 
Torrid  Zone,  and  alone;  the 
northern  coast  the  climate 
is  moist  and  hot,  while  the 
interior  is  dry  and  hot. 

The  moist  winds  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean  blow 
;  much  of  the  eastern 
part,  and  their  moisture  is 
dropped  on  the  eastern 
highlands.  Wes1  of  the 
little    rain    falls, 


]  i'  .1  .I'H     Forest,  Aus"l  kai.ia. 


Gold  Mine,  Australia. 

except    at    long    intervals,    and    thus    central 
Australia  is  arid  like  the  Sahara. 

The  pleasantest  part  of  Australia  is  in  the 
southeast,  where  the  climate  is  temperate  and 
the  rainfall  most  certain. 

Rivers  and  Lakes. —  .Australia  has  compara- 
tively few  permanent  streams.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Murray  and  the  Darling,  which 
drain  the  lowlands  in  the 
southeast.  Short,  rapid 
streams  drain  the  steep 
slope  in  the  east,  and  the 
streams  of  the  interior  are 
sudden  torrents  which  soon 
dry  up.  The  lakes  are 
shallow  salt  marshes,  some 
of  which  become  entirely 
dry  during  long  droughts. 
Vegetation.  —  The  moist 
region  in  the  north  is  cov- 
ered with  dense  tropica] 
forests  of  valuable  woods, 
while  the  eastern  coast  has 
forests  more  like  those  oi 
the  Temperate  Zone.  Some 
parts    of    the    interior    are 


AUSTRALIA 


125 


grassy  regions,  but  most  of  it  is  covered  with 
thorny  acacias  and  prickly  plants. 

The  plants  of  Australia  are  very  curious.  Some  of  them 
have  no  leaves,  while  others  have  several  kinds  of  leaves 
on  the  same  tree.  Some  have  scale-like  leaves  and  bear 
beautiful  flowers  ;  others  shed  their  bark  ;  and  others  have 
leaves  turned  edgewise  to  the  sun,  so  that  they  cast  little 
shade.  There  are  forests  of  Eucalyptus  or  gum  trees 
which  sometimes  grow  to  the  height  of  four  hundred  feet 
in  twenty  years,  and  are  the  tallest  trees  in  the  world. 

Animals.  —  The  animals  of  this  continent 
are  different  from  those  of  the  rest  of  the 
world.  Some  four- 
footed  animals,  as  the 
cluck  mole  and  porcu- 
pine ant-eater,  build 
nests  and  lay  eggs  al- 
most like  birds.  Both 
of  these  burrow  in  the 
ground  and  feed  upon 
insects. 

There  are  also  many 
animals  that  carry  their 
young  in  a  pouch  of 
skin  on  the  mother's  breast.  The  most  noted 
of  these  are  the  kangaroos,  of  which  there  are 
many  kinds. 

Australia  has  birds  of  beautiful  plumage 
and  strange  habits.  The  lyre  bird  is  noted 
for  its  beautiful  lyre-shaped  tail ;  the  bower 
birds  build  playhouses  and  decorate  them 
with  bright  shells  and  flowers ;  and  the  bell- 
bird  has  a  note  like  the  tone  of  a  silver  bell. 

People.  —  The  natives  of  Australia  belong 
to  the  black  race.  They  are  ignorant  and 
degraded,  and  are  now  rapidly  dying  out. 
When  first  visited  by  white  men  they  knew 
nothing  about  the  bow  and  arrow,  and  their 
chief  weapon  was  a  peculiar  throwing-stick, 
called  a  "  boomerang." 

The    first    settlements    made    in    Australia 


Geyser  Terrace,  New  Zealand. 


were  composed  of  convicts  sent  from  Eng- 
land. But  after  a  while  the  English  discov- 
ered the  good  grazing  lands  of  the  country, 
and  colonists  came  to  engage  in  sheep  raising. 
Australia  is  now  famous  as  the  greatest  wool- 
producing  region  of  the  world.  The  gold 
mines  are  among  the  most  productive  in  the 
world,  and  these  also  have  attracted  colonists. 
Most  of  the  people  are  of  British  descent, 
but  there  are  also  some  Chinese,  Malays,  and 
Hindus.  The  people  have  good  schools  and 
colleges,  and  are  very  progressive. 

Industries. —  The 
chief  occupations  are 
herding  sheep  and  cat- 
tle, mining  gold  and  tin, 
preserving  meats,  and 
exporting  wool,  hides, 
tallow,  gold,  tin,  and 
fresh  and  preserved 
meats.  Wheat  is  grown 
and  flour  is  manufac- 
tured in  the  south,  fruits 
are  cultivated  in  the 
east,  and  some  lumber  is  cut. 

Divisions.  —  Australia  comprises  the  states 
of  Victoria,  New  South  W'ales,  Queensland, 
South  Australia,  and  West  Australia.  These, 
together  with  Tasmania,  form  the  Australian 
Commonwealth,  which  makes  its  own  laws 
but  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

Victoria,  the  smallest  state,  is  the  most 
populous.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  gold-pro- 
ducing regions  of  the  world.  Queensland  is 
noted  for  its  tin  mines,  and  New  South  Wales 
contains  the  largest  sheep  and  cattle  ranches. 
Melbourne,  the  capital  of  Victoria,  and  Syd- 
ney, the  capital  of  New  South  Wales,  are  the 
largest  cities  and  chief  seaports  of  Australia. 

Tasmania  is  a  mountainous  island  south  of 
Australia.      Its   fertile    valleys    are    used    for 


126 


ISLANDS    OF    THE    PACIFIC 


sheep  farms  and 
fruit  farms.  Tin  is 
mined,  and  both 
wool  and  tin  are 
exported. 

New  Zealand 
comprises  a  group 
of  islands  lying 
over  a  thousand 
miles  southeast  of 
Australia.  It  con- 
tains active  volca- 
noes, geysers,  and 
hot  springs  like 
those  in  the  Yel- 
lowstone Park,  and  glaciers  like  those  of  the 
Alps.  Most  of  the  plants  are  peculiar  to  the 
islands.  Sheep  raising  is  the  chief  industry, 
and  wool  and  meats  are  exported. 

The  native  people,  called  Maoris,  are 
Malays  and  have  brown  complexions.  The 
chief  people  are  the  English,  and  the  islands 
form  a  British  colony.  Auckland  \s  the  chief 
seaport,  and  Wellington  is  the  capital. 

The  Fiji  Islands  also  form  a  British  colony. 
They  are  a  group  of  volcanic  islands  with 
large  plantations  of  sugar  cane,  fruit  plants, 
and  cocoanut  palms.  The  natives  are  Malays, 
who  were  once  cannibals  but  are  now  some- 
what civilized. 


Interior  of  Samoan  Hm  se 


Sceni    IN    IHI    I  I II    Isi  VNUS 


New  Guinea  and 
many  of  the  other 
islands  north  of 
Australia  are  owned 
by  the  Dutch,  Ger- 
mans, and  British. 
Some  of  the  na- 
tives resemble  those 
of  Australia,  but 
others  are  Malays. 
There  are  few  white 
people  in  the  is- 
lands. 

Many  of  the 
islands  of  the  Pa- 
cific are  of  volcanic  or  coral  formation.  Vol- 
canic islands  are  usually  high  near  the  center, 
with  a  rough  slope  toward  the  coast,  but  coral 
islands  are  low  and  level.  Some  coral  islands 
are  rings  of  coral  surrounding  a  lagoon  of 
water. 

The  Hawaiian  Islands  are  situated  southwest 
of  San  Francisco,  near  the  Tropic  of  Cancer. 
They  comprise  eight  volcanic  islands,  one  of 
which  contains  the  great  volcano,  Mauna  Loa. 
These  islands  now  form  a  territory  of  the 
United  States,  though  most  of  the  people  are 
Malay  natives,  Japanese,  Chinese,  and  Portu- 
guese. These  people  work  on  the  sugar-cane 
plantations,  which  are  owned  chiefly  by  Amer- 
icans. Honolulu  is  the  capital  and  chief  port. 
Guam,  Wake,  and  Tutuila,  one  of  the  Samoa 
Islands  (maps  pp.  12,  13),  also  belong  to  the 
United  States. 

TEST   EXERCISES   FOR   REVIEW 

Where  is  Australia?  By  what  waters  is  it  bordered?  What 
islands  are  near  iis  const?  Describe  its  surface,  climate,  and 
drainage;  the  peculiarities  of  its  vegetable  and  animal  life. 
How  docs  Australia  compare  with  the  United  States  in  size 
and  population?    Describe  the  people  ami  chief  products;  the 

divi   i.'iis  ami  chief  towns.      Describe  Tasmania,  New  Zealand, 

Mm    Fiji  Islands,  New  Guinea,  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 


SIZE   AND   POPULATION 


SUMMARY. 

Length  of  the  earth's  axis  (miles)      7,900 
Length  of  the  equator  "       24,900 

Earth's  Surface  (sq.  miles)    196,900,000 
Pacific  i  >cean 
Atlnutic  Ocean         " 
Indian  Ocean  " 

Antarctic  Ocean 
Arc  tic  Ocean  " 

The  Sea  " 


71,000,000 

34,000,000 

28,000,000 

7,500,000 

4,000,000 


Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Asia 17,056,000 

Africa 11,512,000 


North  America  . 
South  America 
Europe 

Australia,  etc. , 
The  Land 


9,430,000 
6,856,000 
3,842,000 
3,710,000 


144,500,000 


Population 

906,674,000 

140,274,000 

105,806,010 

38,482,000 

396,406,000 

6,458,0f0 


52,406,0001,594,100,000 


ASIA. 

Russia  in  Asia  .  .  .  6.672.000  21,215,000 

Chinese  Empire  .  .  4.301.000  426.131,000 

Japanese  Empire.  161,000  46,495,000 

Korea  .    84,000  9,670,000 

British  India,  etc  1,918,000  300,164,000 
Other  British  Pos- 
sessions    20,000  991.000 

Nepal,  Bhutan  .  .  .  73,000  3,200,000 
Portuguese  India, 

etc 2,000  651.000 

Siam 245,000  6,320,000 

Fr.IndoChma.etc.  256,000  15,922.000 

Afghanistan..    ...  241.000  4,550,000 

Persia                     .  635.000  9,000,000 

Turkey  in  Asia...  706,000  17,178,000 

Arabia 955,000  1,950,000 

East  Indies 787,000  43,237,000 

Total 17,056,000  906,674,000 


AFRICA. 

Morocco 176,000  7,000,000 

Algeria 344.000  4,802.000 

Tunis       65,000  1,800,000 

Tripoli       406,000  1,000,000 

Egypt 248,000  9,717,000 

Abyssinia  312,000  8,330,000 

Eritrea     42.000  331,000 

British  E.  Africa  .  433.000  4,908,000 

Somaliland,  etc.  .  .  214,000  603,000 

Sahara 2,461,000  791.000 

Sudan 2.972.000  57.675,000 

Kongo  State  ...  927.000  19,000,000 

Angola          491,000  3,840,000 

Port.  E.  Africa.  . .  296,000  2,300.000 

Ger.  E.  Africa  .    .  374,000  6,855,000 

Ger.  S.  W.  Africa  318,000  210,000 

Transvaal  Colony  114,000  1,050.000 

Orange  River  Col.  48,000  210.000 

Cape  Colonv      .  .  277,000  2,502.000 

Rhodesia 408,000  1,214,000 

Other  Br. S.  Africa  348,000  2,089,000 

African  Islands  . .  238,000  4,047,000 

Total  11,512,000  140,274,000 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

Milts.  Popi 

Greenl'dandlcel'd       877,000  91.  i" 

British  America       3,806, 5,600,000 

United  States  3,091,000     75,995, I 

Alaska     591,000  64, ' 

Mexico 767,000  13,606,000 

Central  America  .        200.000  4.i:;0.ooo 

West  Indies 92.000  6,314,000 

Total 9,430,000  105,806,000 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Colombia     466.000  3,917,000 

Venezuela 364.000         2,445,1 

Guiana,  Brit 95,000  296,000 

Guiana,  Dutch      .  50.000            87. i 

Guiana,  French  . .  30,000  32,000 
Brazil                      .  3,301,000  14,334.000 
Ecuador  (incl. Gal- 
apagos Islands)  119,000  1,272,000 

Peru 430.0HO  4,586.000 

Bolivia 442,000  1.760.000 

Chile 293,000        3,174, 

Argentina 1,083.000       4,957, I 

Paraguay 98,000  636.000 

Uruguay   69,000  978,000 

Islands 7,000  2,000 

Total 6,856,000  38,482,000 


EUROPE. 

British  Possessions     122,000  41,823,000 

France 207,000  38,983,000 

Spain 192.000  18,235,000 

Portugal 35.000  5,430,000 

Belgium 11,000  6,694,000 

Netherlands 13,000  5,104.000 

Denmark 15,000  2.465.000 

German  Empire   .  211,000  56.604.o00 

Switzerland   16,000  3,325.000 

Austria-Hungary.  201,000  47.153,000 

Italy 111,000      32.486. i 

Sweden 1 73,000  5. 1:16.000 

Norway 124.000  2,222,000 

Russia  in  Europe.  2.113,000  109,726,000 

Turkey  in  Europe  65,000  5,S97,000 

Bulgaria 37,000  3.744,000 

Crete 3.oo0  310,000 

Roumauia 51JO00  5,913.000 

Servia    P.t.000  2.494,000 

Montenegro. 4,000  228,000 

Greece  and  islands  25.000  2.434.000 

Spitsbergen,  etc. .  34,000 

Total 3,842.000  396,406,000 


AUSTRALIA. 


Australia  Com. . .  . 

New  Zealand 

New  Guinea  Gr. 
Hawaiian  Islands. 
Other  islands     ... 
South  Polar  Region 


2,973,1 

105, I 

311.000 
6,000 

61.1 

2.-4.000 


UNITED    STATES,  1900. 

Alabama  52,250  1,828 

Arkansas 53,850  1,311 

California  158,360  1,481 

Colorado L03,925  539,700 

Connecticut.                 .  l.:>: - 

Delaware       ...  2,050  184 

Florida 58,680  528,542 

G gia  59.175  2,216 

Idaho 84,800  161,772 

Illinois 56,650  4,821,550 

Indiana 36,350  2.516.462 

Iowa....  56,025  2,231,853 

Kansas 1,544,968  82,080  1.47" 

Kentucky  40,400  2.147.174 

Louisiana 48,720  1,381,625 

Maine 33.040  694i406 

Maryland 12,210  1,188,044 

Mass.  .                    .     0  8,315  2,805,346 

Michigan  58,915  2,420,982 

Minnesota      .1,9     .     .  B3.365  1,751,394 

Mississippi          46.810  1,551,270 

Missouri 69,415 

Montana 146,080  243,329 

Nebraska 77.5  in  l.o6ti,300 

Nevada             110.700  42,335 

New  Hampshire 9,305  411,588 

New  Jersey...',,      ,  7,815  1,883,669 

New  York      .  ?,06   ,  W  49,170  7,268,894 

North  Carolina.  52.250  1,893,810 

North  Dakota  .       ,076  70,795  319,146 

Ohio 41,060  4. 157. 545 

Oklahoma 70.430  700.391 

Oregon   96,030  413,536 

Pennsylvania 45.215  0.302. 115 

Rhode  Island  .480,082  1,250  428, 

South  Carolina 30,570  1,340,316 

South  Dakota. 455, 185  77.650  401 

Tennessee 42,050  2,020,616 

Texas    265,780  3,048.710 

Utah   84,970  276,749 

Vermont 0.56.5  343,641 

Virginia  42,450  1,854,184 

Washington 69,180  518,103 

West  Virginia 24,780  958,800 

Wisconsin  .  .2,228,949  56.040  2,069,042 

Wyoming  . ..   101,1  16  97,890  92,531 

Del.  and  X.  V.  bays..  720      

Part  Great  Lakes   65, 177     

Total  States  .,107  75,397,616 

Territories  (Main  Body). 

Arizona ,.  113.020  122.061 

Dist.  nt  Col.  ..  70  278.71* 

New  Mexico    122,580  195,310 

Total  Territories       285,670  59':. 

Total  main  body   8,090,777  75,994,575 


Outlying  Territory,  etc. 

Ter.  of  Alaska  590,884 

Ter.  of  Hawaii 6.449 

Porto  Rieo 3,531 

Philippine  Is.  ('03)....    114,410 

3,983,000  Tutuila.  etc 77 

816,000  Guam  150 

700.000  Wake    1 

154.000  Persons   in  V.  S.  ser- 

805,000      vice   abroad  

Total  outlying  715,502 


i 
154,001 
953,243 

7.635.426 
6.100 
9,000 


Total    3,710,000       6,458,000  Grand  Total 

127 


91.219 
8,912, 
84,90' 


128 


SIZE   AND   POPULATION. 


MOUNTAINS   AND  PLATEAUS. 


Mount  Everest  .... 
Himalaya  Mountains.  . 
Andes  Mountains  .  .  . 
■  isus  Mountains  .  . 
Ri  icky  Mountains  .  .  . 
Mountains  .  .  . 
Alps  Mountains  .  .  . 
East  Australian  Mountains 
Appalachian  Mountains  . 
Plateau  of  Tibet  .  .  . 
Plateau  of  Bolivia  .  .  . 
Rocky  Mountain  highland  - 

in  the  United  states  . 

in  Mexico     .     . 
Abyssinian  highland 
Plateau  of  Iran 
Desert  of  Gobi  . 
Plateau  of  Guiana  . 
Brazilian  plateau   . 


Av.  Elev. 
Feet. 

29,000 

19, 

!, 

10, I 

10, 

9,000 
8,500 
5,000 

2,E 

15,000 
12,500 


.-,,(1011 

7,500 

6,£ 

5,000 
3,500 
2,000 

2,(100 


Amazon,  S.  America 
Amur,  Asia .... 
Arkansas,  U.S.  .  . 
( lolorado,  U.S.  .  . 
Columbia.  N.  America 
Danube,  Europe  .  . 
Dnieper,  Russia  .  . 
Don,  Russia  .  .  . 
Euphrates,  Asia  .  . 
Ganges,  India  .  .  . 
Hoang,  Chin.  Empire 
Hudson,  U.S.  .  .  . 
Indus.  Asia  .  .  . 
Kongo,  Africa  .  ... 
Lena,  Siberia  .  .  '  . 
Loire,  France  .  .  . 
Mackenzie,  Canada  . 
Mekong,  Asia  .  .  . 
Mississippi-Missouri,  0 


RIVERS   AND   THEIR   BASINS. 


Mississippi  proper      .     . 

Missouri 

Nelson-Saskatchewan,  Can. 

Niger,  Africa 

Nile,  Africa 

i  lb,  Asia 

Ohio,  pr.s 

Orange,  Africa  .... 
Orinoco,  S.  America 
Plata,  S.  America  .  .  . 
Rhine,  Europe  .... 
Rio  Grande,  N.  America  . 
St.  Lawrence,  N.  America  . 
Sao  Francisco,  Brazil     .     . 

Volga,  Russia 

Yangtze,  Chin.  Empire 

Yenisei,  Asia 

Yukon,  N.  America  .     .     . 
Zambezi,  Africa        .     .     . 


Area  of  Basin 

Length, 

in  Sq.  Miles. 

Miles. 

.  2,320,000 

3,400 

.      780,000 

2,700 

189, 

2,000 

230,000 

l.ooo 

.      290, 

1,400 

.    320,000 

I. son 

.       107,000 

1,300" 

.       170.000 

1,100 

.         100,000 

2,000 

.      600,000 

1,800 

.      390,000 

2,800 

13,000 

300 

.      360,000 

1,900 

.  1,500,000 

2,800 

.      000,000 

2,800 

47,000 

600 

.      680,000 

2,100 

2, 600 

S.  1,250,000 

4,200 

Area  nf  Ha-in 
in  Sq.  Miles. 

.  1,250,000 

.   527. 

130, 

.  l.ooo. ooo 

.  1,300, 

.  1,100,000 
.  202,(100 
.  270.000 
.  370.000 
.  1,200.000 
87,000 
.  230,000 
.  505,000 
.  210,000 
.  50(1.000 
.   690,000 

.  1,500, i 

.      380,000 
.       580.OO0 


Length, 

Miles. 

2,600 

2.000 

1,900 
2,900 

3.000 
3.000 
1,260 
1,200 

1,£ 

2.- -.00 
810 
1,800 
2.100 
1,800 
2  300 
3,100 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 


CITIES   IN    THE   UNITED 

STATES. 

0.  S.  Census,  1900. 

Albany,  N.  Y 

94,151 

Allegheny,  Pa.  .     .    . 

129,896 

Atlanta,  ( la.       .      . 

89,872 

Augusta,  Ga.      .     .     . 

"39,441 

Baltimore,  Md.  .    . 

508,957 

Birmingham,  Ala.  . 

38,415 

1  tostOU,  Mass.     .      . 

560,892 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.    .    . 

352,387 

( 'a ridge,  Mass.  . 

91,886 

Charleston,  8.  C.   . 

55,807 

( lhattanooga,  Tenn.   . 

32,490 

;o,  111.  .     .     . 

1,698,575 

■iiiati,  0.    .      .     . 

32.-i.902 

(  'levelalld,   O.        .        .       . 

381,768 

( Solnmbus,  O.    .    .    . 

12.").. '.do 

42,638 

1  >.,   ton,  O.     .    .    . 

85,333 

Denver.  ( !ol.  .      .      . 

133,859 

De8   Moines.  la. 

62,139 

Detroit,  Mich.    .     .     . 

28.-i.7of 

Diilulh.  Minn.    .     . 

52,969 

Fall  River,  Mass.  . 

104,863 

..   Pex. 

37,789 

i  Rapids,  Mich. 

87  565 

1  i  ■  i  i-  burg,  Pa. 

50.107 

1  Lil'l  ford,   1  'mill. 

79,850 

Indiana  polis,  bid.  . 

109.  Kit 

28,429 

Jeree;  <  "n  v.  N.  J.  . 

206,433 

Kansas  City,  Kan. 

51,418 

Kan-as  City,  Mo.    . 

lo:r.7f,2 

,  'I.     .    . 

6 

Lincoln,  Neb.    .     . 

40.100 

k.  . 

38,307 

ftl.   . 

102,479 

k  \ .  .     . 

2u|.7:il 

lass.    .    • 

94,969 

Lynn.  Mass.  .      .      . 
beater,  N.  11. 

. 

. 

Memphis.  Tenn.      . 

102,320 

iikee.  Wig    . 

285,315 

Minn                [inn. 

202,718 

Mobile.  Ala.  .    .    . 

38  169 

Nashville,  Tenn.    . 

Newark,  N.  .1.    .     . 

210.070 

N'eu  Bedford,  M 

62,442 

Haven,  ( lonn. 

10    02i 

Nev.  I               La.  . 

287,104 

POPULATION  OF   IMPORTANT   CITIES. 


U.  S.  Census,  1900. 

New  York,  N.  Y 3,437,202 

Norfolk,  Va 40.024 

Omaha,  Neb 102,555 

Paterson,  N.  J.  .     .  ■ 105,171 

Philadelphia,  Pa 1, "293,697 

Pittsburg,  Pa 321,616 

Portland,  Me 50.154 

Portland.  Ore 90,426 

Providence,  R.  1 175,597 

Pueblo,  Col 28,157 

Richmond,  Va 85,050 

Rochester,  N.  Y 162,008 

Saerameuto.  Cal 29,282 

Saginaw,  Mich 42.34.1 

St.  Louis.  Mo. 575,238 

St.  Paul,  Minn 163,065 

Sail  Lake  City,  Utah 53,531 

San  Antonio,  Tex. .     ......  53,32i 

San  Francisco,  Cal 342,7*2 

Savannah,  8a.     ........  54.244 

Seranton,  Pa 102,1120 

Seattle,  Wash 80,671 

Springfield,  HI 34,159 

Springfield,  Mass 62,059 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 108,374 

T Wash 37,714 

Toledo,  o 131,822 

Topeka,  Kan 33,608 

Trci N.J 73,307 

Troy,  N.  Y 60,651 

Washington,  D.  C.     , 278,718 

Wilmington,  Del 76,508 

Wilmington,  N.  C 20,976 

Worcester,  Mass.  .     ,  i lis. 421 


Latest  Census. 


FOREIGN   CITIES. 


Alexandria,  I  —  pi    .    ■ 
Amsterdam,  Nel  berlands 
Ani  u  erp,  Belgium   .    . 
Athens,  Greece    .    .    . 
Bangkok,  Siam     .    .    . 

Belfast,  Ireland     .     .     . 

Berlin,  '  lermany  .  .  . 
Birmingham,  England  . 
Bombay,  India  .  .  . 
Bordeaux,  France  .  . 
lr  i  eis,  Belgium 
Budapest,  Austria-Hungary 


Latest  Census. 

320,000  ("07) 
531,000  ('"I  i 
27s, ooo  ('01) 

112.000  ("90) 

101 

349,000  f'01) 
1,889,000  ('on) 

i  12,000  Cm  ) 
770,1100  ('01) 
258,000  i 'oi  I 

563, i  ('01) 

732,000  ("00) 


Buenos  Aires,  Argen. 
Bukharest,  Roumania 
Cairo,  Egypt  .  .  . 
Calcutta,  India  .  . 
Canton,  China  .  .  . 
Cape  Town,  Cape  Col. 
Christiania,  Norway  . 
Cologne,  Germany  . 
Constantinople,  Turk. 
Copenhagen,  Den. 
Dubliu,  Ireland  .  . 
Edinburgh,  Scotland 
Glasgow,  Scotland 
Hague,  Netherlands . 
Hamburg,  Germany  . 
Havana,  Cuba  .  .  . 
Hongkong,  Asia  .  . 
Johannesb'rg,  So.  Af. 
Lisbon,  Portugal  .  . 
Liverpool,  England  . 
London.  England  .  . 
Lyons,  Franco  .  .  . 
Madras,  India  .  ■  . 
Madrid,  Spain  .      .     . 

Manchester,  England 
Marseilles,  Prance  . 
Melbourne,  Victoria. 
Mexico,  Mexico  .  . 
Milan.  Italy  .  .  .  . 
Mont  real,  Canada 
Moscow,  Russia  .  . 
Naples,  Italy  .  .  . 
( idessa,  Russia  .  . 
Talis.  Prance  .  .  . 
Peking,  China  .  .  . 
Quebec, '  lanada 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil 
Rome,  lialy  .  .  . 
St.  Petersburg, Russia 
Sani  iago,  i  Ihile  .  . 
Shanghai,  I  Ihina  .    . 

Stockholm,  Sweden  . 
Sydney.  New  S.  Wales 

Tashkend,  Bus. Turk. 
Teheran,  Persia  .  . 
Tokj ii,  Japan  .  .  . 
Venice,  Italy    .    .    ■ 

Vienna,  Austria  -Hun. 

Yokohama,  Japan 
Zurich,  Switzerland  . 


836,000 

282,000 

570,000 

1,125,000 

si  ii  1. 1  mo 
51,000 
228,000 
373,000 
1,125,000 
378,000 
291,000 
317,000 
736.000 
218,000 
706,000 
230.000 
284,000 

103, I 

357,000 
744,000 
4,537,000 
459,000 
50!  1, 000 
540,000 
544,000 
491,000 
490,000 
34.-1,000 
4!  12. 1 M 10 
268,000 
989,000 

564, 

405,000 
2,714,00(1 

I  i 

00,000 

750,000 
163, 

1,267,000 
2!  17, 1 II 10 
020.000 
303,000 
182,000 
157,000 
250,000 

1,440, 

162,000 

1,07:1,000 
194,000 
153,000 


(-01) 
('99) 
('97) 
('01) 
('01) 
('91) 
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COO) 

('01) 
('01) 
(•01) 

eoi) 

('01) 
COO) 
C99) 
('01) 
("96) 
('00) 
('03) 
("01) 
('01) 
("01) 
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(•01) 
(•01) 
(•00) 
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('97) 
('01) 

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(•07) 
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UC  SOUTHf 


AA     001  324  49 


Aids  to  Teachers  of  Geography 


Gannett,  Garrison,  and  Houston's  Commercial 

Geography $1-25 

Dryer's   Lessons  in  Physical  Geography 1.20 

Hinman's   Eclectic  Physical  Geography 1 .00 

Chamberlain's    Field    and    Laboratory    Exer- 
cises in  Physical  Geography 50 

Waldo's  Elementary  Meteorology 1 .  50 

Price's    Observations    and    Exercises    on    the 

Weather 30 

National  Geographic  Monographs,  one  volume     2.50 

Physiographic  Processes J.  W.  Powell 

Physiographic  Features J.  W.  Powell 

Physiographic  Regions  of  the  U.  S.  J.  W.  Powell 
Present  and  Extinct  Lakes  of 

Nevada I.  C.  Russell 

Beaches  of  the  Atlantic  Coast N.  S.  Shaler 

The  Northern  Appalachians Bailey  Willis 

Niagara  Falls  and  their  History.  .  .G.  K.  Gilbert 

Mt.  Shasta — A  Typical  Volcano J.  S.  Diller 

Physical  Geography  of  Southern 

New  England W.  M.  Davis 

The  Southern  Appalachians C.  W.  Hayes 


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